KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 喀什机场鸟类风险评估与鸟击防治对策探究 | |
| Alternative Title | Research on Bird Risk Assessment and Bird Strike Prevention Countermeasures in Kashgar Airport |
| 王述潮 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 马鸣 |
| 2019-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 喀什机场 鸟击风险评估 鸟类多样性 鸟害 防治 |
| Abstract | 2017 年 11 月至 2018 年 11 月， 采用样线法和样点法相结合的调查方法， 对喀什机场及周边净空区内 10 条样线的鸟类进行了调查， 并检查统计机场跑道和滑行道两侧布设的 5 排 548 张粘网鸟情， 初步分析了鸟类群落组成、鸟类多样性、粘鸟网捕密度， 并根据相对数量成分、 相对时间成分、 相对空间成分、 相对重量成分和飞行高度这 5 项指标对机场的鸟类进行鸟击风险评估， 筛选出综合风险值高的物种并了解其综合分布。 最后通过 F 检验对分析结果进行显著性分析。 结果如下：1.共记录鸟类 73 种， 隶属于 15 目 31 科 52 属。 其中古北型占 21.92%， 全北型占 21.92%， 北方广布型占 41.10%， 这三种泛北方种占比达到 84.94%。 此外，还兼有东北型 1 种（1.37%）， 季风区型 1 种（1.37%）， 中亚型 7 种（9.59%）、东洋型 2 种（2.73%）。 居留型分析显示， 留鸟占 16.44%， 迷鸟占 4.11%， 旅鸟占 41.10%， 夏候鸟占 21.92%， 冬候鸟占 16.44%。 优势种为秃鼻乌鸦和紫翅椋鸟。2.多样性指数计算发现， 喀什机场的鸟类资源较低， 不同生境之间有差异。结果显示： 科水平的 F 指数为 11.90， 属水平的 G 指数为 3.12， 科属水平的 G-F指数为 0.74。 丰富度指数为 4.93， Pielou 均匀度指数为 0.32， Shannon-Winner 指数为 1.27。 从不同的月份计算鸟类群落多样性发现， 五月的各项鸟类多样性指数均最高， 一月的均最低。 F 检验结果显示， 样线 1 与样线 2、 样线 3、 样线 5、 样线 6、 样线 9、 样线 10 的 Shannon-Winner 指数显示出显著差异性（P<0.05）， 但是同作为核桃树的样线 2 除了跟样线 1 显示出差异性， 与其他样线均没有显示出差异性（P>0.05）。 生境相似度指数显示样线 1 和样线 2 表现最相似， 相似度指数为 0.757。3.粘鸟网记录的数据显示， 一月平均鸟捕密度为 0.56 只/张， 以角百灵（Eremophila alpestris）（50.98%）和蒙古沙雀（Rhodopechys mongolica）（42.35%）为主。 三月为 0.73 只/张， 以角百灵（45.29%） 和蒙古沙雀（44.07%） 为主。 五为 0.62 只/张， 巨大部分为蒙古沙雀（73.90%）。 七月为 0.37 只/张， 其中蒙古沙雀（27.45%）、 凤头百灵（Crested Lark）（18.63%）、 戴胜（Upupa epops）（18.14%）和红隼（Falco tinnunculus）（10.78%） 数量较大。 九月为 0.38 只/张， 其中以戴胜（25.36%）、凤头百灵（13.40%）、红隼（12.92%）、欧夜鹰（Caprimulgus europaeus）（8.61%） 和漠䳭（Oenanthe deserti）（8.61%） 为主。 十一月为 1.26 只/张， 以角百灵（89.31%） 为主。4.风险评估结果显示， 严重危险的鸟类有 4 种， 分别是红隼（38.78）、 秃鼻乌鸦（36.38）、 凤头百灵（25.45） 和麻雀（Passer montanus）（25.50）。 很危险的鸟类有 11 种， 分别是小嘴乌鸦（Corvus corone）（24.76）、 灰斑鸠（Streptopeliadecaocto）（24.92）、家鸽（Columba livia domestica）（21.76）、巨嘴沙雀（Rhodopechysobsoleta）（21.82）、 黑鸢（Milvus migrans）（21.34）、 绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）、紫翅椋鸟（17.84）、 角百灵（Eremophila alpestris）（17.37）、 荒漠伯劳（Laniusisabellinus）（16.37）、 短趾百灵（Calandrella cheleensis）（15.97）和漠䳭（Oenanthedeserti）（15.14）。 从不同的月份显示， 一月严重危险和很危险的鸟类分别有 1 和2 种。 三月为 1 和 0 种。 五月为 1 和 5 种。 七月为 1 和 2 种。 九月为 0 和 6 种。十一月为 0 和 5 种。喀什机场鸟击风险大的 15 种鸟中， 雀形目有 10 种， 猛禽有 2 种， 应结合其生活习性和活动规律加以防治。 此外， 机场周边有养鸽户， 机场应与当地政府联系， 禁止在净空区养殖家鸽和信鸽。 秃鼻乌鸦在喀什越冬， 冬季集大群， 它们属于杂食性鸟类，常常在垃圾场觅食， 机场及周边的生活垃圾应当采取封闭式处理。 |
| Other Abstract | From November 2017 to November 2018, a survey method combining the sampleline method and the sample method was used to investigate the bird community in theKashgar Airport and surrounding clearance areas, and to check the viscousdistribution on both sides of the airport runway and taxiway. Bird net, preliminaryanalysis of bird community composition, bird diversity, sticky bird net density, andaccording to the relative quantity component, relative time component, relative spatialcomponent, relative weight component and flight height, the five indicators of theairport birds The bird risk assessment is carried out to screen out the species with highcomprehensive risk values and to understand their comprehensive distribution. Finally,the analysis results were analyzed by F test. The results are as follows:1. A total of 73 species of birds were recorded in 10 sample lines in the clearancearea of Kashgar Airport, belonging to 15 orders, 31 families and 52 genera. Amongthem, there are 16 species (21.92%) of ancient north pattern species, 16 species(21.92%) of Whole North Pattern species, and 30 species (41.10%) of WidelyDistributed, accounting for 84.94% of these three northern species. In addition, thereare one species (1.37%) of Northeast Pattern species, one species (1.37%) ofMonsoon Region Pattern species, seven species (9.59%) of Central Asia Patternspecies, and two species (2.73%) of Oriental Realm. As for the residence type， therewere 12 species of resident birds (16.44%), 3 species of vagrant (4.11%), 30 speciesof traveling birds (41.10%), 16 species of summer resident birds (21.92%), and 12species of winter resident birds (16.44%).2. The diversity index shows that the F index of Kashgar Airport and surroundingclearance areas birds is 11.90, the G index is 3.12, and the G-F index is 0.74. Therichness index is 4.93, the highest of sample line 8 (reservoir - wetland) is 4.56, andthe lowest of sample line 10 (landfill)is 1.65.The Pielou uniformity index is 0.32, thehighest value of sample line 3 (residential area) is 0.78, and the lowest value ofsample line 10 is 0.34.Shannon-winner index is 1.27, the highest value of line 8 is2.29, and the lowest value of line 10 is 1.01.According to the calculation of birdcommunity diversity in different months, the bird diversity index in May was thehighest and that in January was the lowest. The result of F test shows that Shannon-Winner index of sample line 1 is significantly different from that of sampleline 2, sample line 3, sample line 5, sample line 6, sample line 9 and sample line 10(P<0.05), but sample line 2, which is also a walnut tree, does not show the travelheterogeneity other than that of sample line 1 (P>0.05).The similarity index showsthat spline 1 and 2 are the most similar, with an index of 0.757.3. The data recorded by the sticky bird net shows that 40 species of birds areeasily caught by the sticky bird net. In January, 0.56 pieces were attached to each neton average, with Hormed lark (50.98%) and Mongolian Finch (42.35%) as the mainones. In March, an average of 0.73 birds was caught in each net, mainly Hormed lark(45.29%) and Mongolian Finch (44.07%). On average, 0.62 birds were caught in eachnet in May, with Mongolian Finch (73.90%) accounting for the majority. In July,averages of 0.37 birds were caught in each net, among which Mongolian Finch(27.45%), Crested Lark (18.63%), Eurasian Hoopoe (18.14%) and Common Kestrel(10.78%) were the largest. 0.38, on average, each net only in September, in which theEurasian Hoopoe (25.36%), Crested Lark (13.40%), Common Kestrel (12.92%),Eurasian Nightjar (8.61%) and Desert Wheatear (8.61%). In November, the averagenumber of Internet users was 1.26, with Hormed lark (89.31%) as the main one.4. From the point of scale for the whole year, a serious risk of 4 species,respectively is Common Kestrel, Rook, Crested Lark, Tree Sparrow Very dangerousthere are 11 species, respectively is Hooded Crow, Collared Dove, Collared Dove,Desert Finch, Black Kite , Common Mallard, Common Starling, Hormed lark,Rufous-tailed Shrike, Asian Short-toed Lark, Desert Wheatear. From the analysis ofbird strike analysis in different months, there were 1 and 2 species of severe and verydangerous birds in January, respectively. There are 1 serious and 0 very dangerousbirds in March. There are 1 and 5 species of birds in severe and very dangerous may,respectively. There are 1 and 2 kinds of birds at serious and very dangerous risk inJuly, respectively. There are 0 and 6 kinds of birds in September that are seriously andvery dangerous. There are 0 serious and 5 very dangerous birds in November.Among the 15 kinds of birds with high risk of bird strike in Kashgar Airport, 10arepasserines and 2 are raptors, which should be prevented and controlled according totheir living habits and activity rules. In addition, pigeon is also a serious dangerousspecies, listed as the key prevention and control objects, the airport should strengthenthe consultation with the surrounding pigeon farmers, reduce the number of domestic pigeon around the airport. In addition, Kashgar is the wintering ground for all kinds ofcrows. In winter, a large number of crows can often be seen in clusters. Crows areomnivorous birds, and the domestic garbage in the airport and surrounding areasshould be closed for treatment. |
| Subject Area | 生态学 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15359 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 王述潮. 喀什机场鸟类风险评估与鸟击防治对策探究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2019. |
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