KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 阿姆河流域生态脆弱性的时空特征分析 | |
| Alternative Title | Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ecological Vulnerability in the Amu Darya River Basin |
| 陈桃 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 包安明 |
| 2019-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 遥感 中亚 阿姆河流域 生态脆弱性 时空特征 Remote Sensing Central Asia Amu Darya River Basin Ecological Vulnerability Spatiotemporal Characteristics |
| Abstract | 全球气候变化、人类活动剧增以及不合理的自然资源利用方式导致生态系统的自我调整能力快速下降，生态环境治理与保护已受到越来越多的关注。生态脆弱性是生态系统的自然属性，是反映生态系统自我调节能力的重要指标。进行区域生态系统脆弱性评价及其时空特征分析，不仅可以正确认识区域生态脆弱状况，了解其时空分布差异，还有助于决策者制定生态恢复策略，对资源环境进行有效利用和管理，对于维持和促进生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。过去几十年，在全球气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下，阿姆河流域生态环境逐渐恶化，生态系统功能退化，该地区出现了如土壤盐渍化、土地退化与荒漠化、沙尘暴和地质灾害等严重的生态环境问题。位于阿姆河下游的咸海，曾经引发了全球闻名的“咸海危机”，已经成为世界上生态最为脆弱的地区之一，该区域受到国际社会的关注，解决该地区生态问题已成为全球的热点。另外，阿姆河流域作为 “一带一路”沿线的重要区域， 评价该区域的生态脆弱性，对于支持国家“一带一路”战略实施具有现实意义。本文以中亚典型跨境流域的阿姆河流域为例，选择反映研究区植被、水文、气候、地形、土壤以及人类活动等方面的 11 个指标，构建了阿姆河流域生态脆弱性评价体系，利用主观权重与客观权重相结合的方法确定指标权重，对1990-2015 年研究区生态脆弱性进行了定量评价和时空特征分析。主要研究结论如下：（1） 从时间维来看， 1990-2015 年阿姆河流域生态环境呈相对恶化的趋势。研究区大部分处于重度脆弱性状态，重度脆弱性比例的多年平均值为 46.40%；潜在脆弱性、轻度脆弱性和中度脆弱性比例呈相对减少的趋势；而极度脆弱性占比相对明显增加，并在 2005 年达到最大值(28.15%)，极度脆弱性占比从 1990 年的 2.58%增加至 2015 年的 16.97%，增幅为 14.39%。（2） 从空间格局来看，过去 25 年阿姆河流域生态脆弱性在空间上的分布具有较强的一致性，流域内生态脆弱性的空间分布特征对地理格局具有较强的依赖性。其中潜在脆弱区主要分布在阿姆河上游的帕米尔高原西北部山区和阿富汗北部的兴都库什山；轻度脆弱与中度脆区主要分布于阿姆河沿岸的农业灌溉区以及流域上游的平原与山地过度带；而重度和极度脆弱区主要集中在阿姆河下游的咸海盆地、克孜勒库姆沙漠和塔吉斯坦东北部的帕米尔高原。咸海严重萎缩，湖底不断暴露，导致咸海湖盆逐渐由重度脆弱区转变为极度脆弱区；阿姆河下游三角洲由轻度脆弱转变为中度脆弱；阿姆河上游的帕米尔高原，极度脆弱性的面积正在扩大。（3） 研究区生态脆弱性变异系数的区域平均值为 0.041，表明研究区生态脆弱性整体处于比较稳定的状态， 但是一种生态环境较为恶劣的稳定状态。 不同地区的变异程度不同，变异程度较高的区域位于阿姆河流域上游，而变异程度较小的区域主要集中在阿姆河流域下游。（4）研究区不同土地覆被类型生态脆弱性差异明显，草地的生态脆弱性(EVI)值变化最大，林地生态脆性最低，裸地和灌丛最为脆弱，研究区生态脆弱程度整体表现为裸地>灌丛>草地>耕地>城市用地>林地的规律。（5） 研究区生态脆弱性在垂直空间上差异显著，在海拔 2500~3500 m 或坡度为 15°~25°的区间上生态环境状况较好，而在海拔低地势平坦或坡度大海拔高的区域生态环境最差。 |
| Other Abstract | Global climate change, the rapid increase of human activities and theunreasonable use of natural resources have led to a rapid decline in theself-adjustment ability of ecosystems, and ecological environment regulation andprotection have received more and more attention. Ecological vulnerability is anatural attribute of an ecosystem and an important indicator of the ability of theecosystem to self-regulate. The assessment of regional ecosystem vulnerability and itsspatial and temporal characteristics can not only correctly understand the regionalhabitat vulnerability, but also understand its spatio-temporal distribution differences.It can also support decision makers to formulate ecological restoration strategies andeffectively utilize and manage resources and environments. It is of great significancefor promoting the sustainable development of ecosystems.In the past several decades, under the combined effects of global climate changeand human activities, the ecological environment and functions of the Amu DaryaRiver basin have gradually been worse and deteriorated. Serious ecological problems,including the soil salinization, land degradation and desertification, sandstorms andgeological disasters, have emerged in the region. The Aral Sea, located in the lowerreaches of the Amu Darya River, has triggered the world-famous “Aral Sea Crisis”and has become one of the most ecologically fragile regions in the world. The regionhas received the attention of the international community, and the ecological problemsin the region have become a global hotspot. In addition, the Amu Darya River Basin isan important area along the “Belt and Road”. Therefore, evaluating the ecologicalvulnerability of typical areas along the “Belt and Road” has practical significance forsupporting the implementation of the national “One Belt, One Road” strategy ofChina.In this paper, the Amu River Basin was used as the study area and 11 indicatorsreflecting the vegetation, hydrology, climate, topography, soil and human activitieswere selected. An ecological vulnerability assessment system for the study area wasconstructed. Further, the combination of subjective weight method and objectiveweight method was employed to determine the weight of all indexes, and quantitativeestimation for the ecological vulnerability and the spatial and temporal characteristicsanalysis of the Amu Darya river basin from 1990 to 2015 were conducted. The main findings are as follows:(1) From the perspective of the time dimension, the ecological environment ofthe Amu River Basin during 1990-2015 showed a relatively deteriorating trend. Mostof the study areas are in a state of severe vulnerability. The multi-year average of theproportion of severe vulnerabilities is 46.40%; the proportion of potentialvulnerabilities, mild vulnerabilities, and moderate vulnerabilities is relatively reducedduring the past 25 years; while the proportion of extreme vulnerabilities is relativelyincreased, and the maximum value (28.15%) was reached in 2005. In addition, theproportion of extreme vulnerability increased from 2.58% in 1990 to 16.97% in 2015,an increase of 14.39%.(2) From the aspect of spatial pattern, the spatial distribution of ecologicalvulnerability in the Amu River Basin show strong consistency over the past 25 years,and the spatial distribution characteristics of ecological vulnerability in the basin havea strong dependence on the geographical pattern. The potential vulnerable areas aremainly distributed in the mountainous area in the northwest of the Pamirs in the upperreaches of the Amu Darya and the Hindu Kush in the northern part of Afghanistan; themildly fragile and moderately fragile areas are mainly distributed in the agriculturalirrigation areas along the Amu Darya and the plains and mountains ecotone of theupstream of the basin. The severe and extremely fragile areas are concentrated in theAral Sea basin, the Kyzylkum Desert and the Pamirs in northeastern Tajikistan. TheAral Sea has shrunk severely, and the bottom of the lake has been exposed, causingthe Aral Lake basin to gradually change from a severely vulnerable area to anextremely vulnerable area. The lower reaches of the Amu Darya River have changedfrom mildly vulnerable to moderately vulnerable, and the extremely vulnerable areasof the Pamirs in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya are gradually expanding.(3) The regional average of the CV for ecological vulnerability in the study areais 0.041, indicating that the ecological vulnerability of the study area is generallystable, but a stable state with a relatively harsh ecological environment. Differentregions have different degrees of variation, and regions with higher variability arelocated in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin, while regions with lessvariability are mainly concentrated in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya RiverBasin.(4) The ecological vulnerability of the study area varied greatly among differentland cover types. The EVI value of grassland changed the most, the ecological environment of bare land was the most vulnerable, and the ecological vulnerability offorest was the lowest. In all, the ecological vulnerability levels among different landcover types were bare land > shrub > grassland > cropland > urban land > forest.(5) The relationship between EVI and topographical factors indicated that thearea with lower elevation and smaller slope or higher elevation and the larger slopewas the most vulnerable regions, while the low vulnerability was mainly distributed inthe regions of an altitude of 2500~3500 m or a slope of 15°~25°. |
| Subject Area | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15367 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 陈桃. 阿姆河流域生态脆弱性的时空特征分析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2019. |
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