KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 新疆伊犁苹果小吉丁虫种群动态研究及防控效果评估 | |
| Alternative Title | Population dynamicof Agrilus mali (Coleoptera:Buprestidae) and Assessment of Control Effiencicy in Yili Xinjiang |
| 张苹 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 吕昭智 |
| 2019-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 工程硕士 |
| Keyword | 新疆野苹果 种群年龄结构 苹果小吉丁虫 种群动态 防效评估 Malus sieversii Population Age Structure Agrilus Mali Population Dynamic Assessment of Management Strategies |
| Abstract | 苹果小吉丁虫(Agrilus mali Matsumura)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、吉丁虫科(Buprestidae)、窄吉丁属(Agrilus)。 自 1993 年， 该虫在新疆野果林中传播蔓延以来， 第三纪孑遗植物-新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii )的生存受到了严重威胁， 目前已处于濒危的境况， 保护与拯救这一珍稀资源已迫在眉睫。然而， 苹果小吉丁虫主要以幼虫蛀干取食危害， 危害隐蔽性强， 防治难度大， 目前在野苹果林仍无高效且大面积应用的适宜方法， 因此筛选有效且适宜的系统防治措施显得十分必要。本文从苹果小吉丁虫与新疆野苹果的相互关系出发， 从区域空间尺度探究了新疆野苹果的生存与苹果小吉丁虫种群动态的关系，并连续三年(2016-2018 年)系统地评估了伊犁地区现有的四种管理策略，以期筛选出最佳的管理措施。 论文主要结论如下：1. 哈萨克斯坦(1969 年和 1970 年) 与伊犁(2016 年和 2017 年)的新疆野苹果种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ)， 2013 年哈萨克斯坦的种群为稳定型(Deevey-II)， 其中幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子， 果实产量的降低可能会降低新疆野苹果土壤种子库的大小， 影响幼龄个体的更新，割草措施也显著影响幼苗的更新，在未割草区域实生苗的数量是割草区的 8 倍。 其次，新疆野苹果种群整体受害处于 1-3 级， 单、丛生间植物受害一致， 无差异。2. 苹果小吉丁虫的成虫和幼虫在平原区(牛场、综合农场)、靠近新疆野苹果林区(库勒村、加工厂)和新疆野苹果林区(阿勒玛塞)间的发育进度存在差异。其中，新疆野苹果林区比栽培园区的虫龄发育晚一个月左右， 在平原区，成虫羽化高峰期在 6-7 月， 而新疆野苹果林区在 7-8 月， 在防治时需要注意分区分时防治；平原区、靠近野苹果林区主要致死因子为未知因子（表现为虫子干瘪），其中平原区缺乏致死因子茧蜂的介入，而野苹果林区生物致死因子(菌类和茧蜂)是关键因子， 在野苹果林区的生物因子致死率为 10.34-18.1%，远高于其他区域； 此外，以 DYMEX 模型模拟的苹果小吉丁虫种群动态与实际相符， 该虫一年发生一代，各龄期发生时间与当年一致，短期预测效果比较好。3. 四种管理策略中，修剪与喷药的结合的效果最佳； 新虫斑密度和新羽化孔密度在两年内（2017-2018 年） 均降低至 0 个·m-1；控制试验表明：最佳修剪窗口时间为每年 9-10 月， 且在该时段实施修剪可避免集中处理残枝。 此外采用修剪和农药处理为核心的果园的虫口密度显著低于废弃果园， 建议废弃果园要及时采取处理以降低虫源， 阻止苹果小吉丁虫在不同区域之间传播（特别是从农区向山区的传播）。 |
| Other Abstract | Agrilus mali Matsumura（Coleoptera:Buprestidae） , has seriously threatened thesurvival of Xinjiang wild apple (Malus sieversii) since its spread in the wild fruit forestin the Yili River Valley, Xinjiang in 1993. Malus sieversii is a tertiary relict plant, andnowendangered. It is urgent to protect and save the rare resource. However, Agrilusmali is mainly damaged on branches in its larval stage. It is difficult to find larvae toprecisely control it. At present, there is still no efficient method that can be applied inlarge scale in wild apple forest. As a result, it is necessary to choose an effective andappropriate system control measure. Therefore, based on the relationship between theMalus sieversii and Agrilus mali in Xinjiang, we studied the relationship between thesurvival of Xinjiang wild apples and the population dynamics of Agrilus mali in theregional spatial scale and evaluated the effect of four main management strategiesapplied to the wild apple forest in Yili, Xinjiang for three consecutive years(from 2016to 2018). The aim of this study was to establish a systematical conservation technology.The main results were as follows:1) Both currently and in the 1970s, the population age structure of Malus sieversiiwere weakwer (Deevey-Ⅲ) in the Yili River valley, Xinjiang and Kazakhstan, howeverin 2013, the Kazakhstan population of wild apple tree showed a strong life vitality andstable population structure. The key factor that resulted in the decline of wild applepopulation was the lack of young individual trees. In the 1970s, the fruit yield of wildapple in Kazakhstan was 68 times that of Xinjiang Yili in 2016. From the perspectiveof soil seed bank, the decline of fruit yield may reduce the size of soil seed bank of wildapples, which may further affects the regeneration of wild apple population. In addition,mowing significantly affected the number of seedlings. The number of seedlings in themowing-prohibition area was 8 times higher than that of mowing area. At present, thedamage caused by Agrilus mali is mainly around 1-3 class for Malus sieversiipopulation in Yili, Xinjiang, and there is no difference between the single and clumpgrowth, but the damage to young individual trees is increasing.2) By monitoring the emergence of adults and development of larvae in the plainarea, near mountains, and mountainous area, we found that the developmental progressof adults and larvae shows difference. In the mountainous area, the development of theAgrilus mali is nearly one month slower than in the plain; For adults, the peak period of adult emergence is from June to July in the plain area, comparing to from July toAugust in the mountainous area. Results suggest that the management of Agrilus malithrough plain to mountainous area should be implemented in suitable timingrespectively. The main mortality factors in the plain area and near the wild apple forestarea are unknown factors(the body of Agrilus mali was shrivelled), in which the plainarea lacks the mortality caused by Braconid , while the main key motality factors in thewild apple forest area is the biological factor (Fungi and Braconid). The mortality ratecaused by biological lethal factors in the wild apple forest area is around 10.34-18.1%,which is much higher than other areas. The simulation of population dynamics ofAgrilus mali by the DYMEX model is consistent with the field observation. Agrilusmali is a univoltine species, so the model can better explain the occurrence of Agrilusmali in a short period of time.3) The evaluation of management strategies from 2016 to 2018 showed thecomprehensive control methods of prunning and spraying had the best effect among thefour current management strategies, especially by prunning the infested branches, thedensity of scar and new emergence holes can be reduced to 0 number per meter and thebest pruning time is September to October in the wild apple forest, because collect andbrun residual branches with larvae are not necessary. The density of scars, new emergeholes and old emerge holes in well-managed orchard by pruning and chemical controlwere significantly lower than that of abandoned orchards. So, we suggested orchardsshould pay attention to enhance the management, and measures should be taken inabandoned orchard to control the spread of Agrilus mali. |
| Subject Area | 生物工程 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15372 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 张苹. 新疆伊犁苹果小吉丁虫种群动态研究及防控效果评估[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2019. |
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