KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦段土地利用对地表水水质影响研究 | |
| Alternative Title | The effects of land use on surface water quality in Kazakhstan section of Syr Darya river basin |
| 张伟燕 | |
| Subtype | 博士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 吉力力·阿不都外力 |
| 2019-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学博士 |
| Keyword | 哈萨克斯坦 锡尔河流域 土地利用 景观格局 地表水水质影响 Kazakhstan Syr Darya River basin Land use Landscape Influence of surface water quality |
| Abstract | 锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦段是哈萨克斯坦南部区域主要的淡水水源和灌溉水源，也是维持北咸海生态平衡的主要供给水源，占据了重要的社会和生态区位。该区域位于锡尔河流域的中下游，其地表水体接收了来自上游国家的累积各类污染物质和哈国境内沿岸工、农业等生产生活产生的各类污染物， 水质状况日益恶化， 是整个锡尔河流域水环境状况最为复杂的区域。土地利用变化作为人类活动的重要表现形式，是反映非点源污染的主要形式之一， 探究区域土地利用对地表水水质变化的响应关系，对区域土地利用规划以及地表水水环境的保护具有重要的理论和实践意义。 因此，本论文基于锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦段 2017 年实测水质数据， 1992-2010 年 6 个水文站点的水质历史监测数据和相应年份的土地利用数据， 在对地表水水质变化特征和区域土地利用变化特征进行分析的基础上， 从空间和时间尺度上揭示土地利用类型和景观格局变化对地表水水质的影响， 主要的研究结果如下：（1） 研究区地表水主要水化学类型为 Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl，重金属中以 Fe、 Mn和 Zn 的含量较高， 研究区范围内下游区域地表水中水质指标的含量较高。 与各水质指标相对应的渔业最大允许浓度值、哈萨克斯坦和世界卫生组织饮用水标准值相比较，结果显示： 除 K+和碳酸盐以外其它水质指标均会在不同程度上对渔业发展存在威胁，其中以 SO42-、 Mg2+、 Fe、 Cu 和 Mn 对渔业发展威胁较大，SO42-、 Mn、 Fe 和 Co 含量超过了相应的饮用水标准值。 现存地表水中矿化度含量对水的灌溉适宜性存在威胁， Cd 含量对人体健康存在致癌的风险。研究区内硅酸盐岩的风化为 HCO3-、 Ca2+、 Mg2+、 Na+和 K+，石膏和岩盐的溶解作用则为Na+、 Ca2+、 Cl-和 SO42-的来源之一， 工矿业、城镇化排污及农业等人为活动对地表水中水质的影响也较为显著。（2） 1992-2015 年研究区内土地利用类型中除水体面积占比呈现显著减小外，其它土地利用类型的面积占比均表现为增加，其中建设用地面积从 1992 年的 0.04%增加至 2015 年 0.18%，显著增加的区域在南哈萨克斯坦州境内， 水体面积从 1992 年的 6.43%减少至 2015 年的 1.95%，显著表现为南咸海的大面积萎缩，减少的水体面积大多转换为裸地，使得裸地面积从 1992 年的 37.51%增加到2015 年的 41.06%。 各地类间的空间动态转换过程 2015 年与 1992 年相比较，除建设用地面积的 55.51%由耕地转换以外，其它土地利用类型均以同地类间转换为主。 景观格局变化以景观破碎化程度降低，景观类型丰富度降低，不同类型间斑块的相互作用逐渐降低，斑块整体复杂性降低，而景观优势种优势度增加为主要特征， 表明区域景观的完整性和整体性越来越好，景观对人类活动干扰的抵抗能力增强。（3） 从空间尺度上变化特征分析， 农田、林地和裸地是对研究区地表水水质影响显著的土地利用类型，农田面积占比增加，除碳酸盐以外的盐分指标、 Cu、Cd 和 Ni 含量降低， Zn、 Pb 和 Fe 含量显著增加；林地面积占比增加， 除碳酸盐以外的盐分指标、 Pb 和 Fe 含量显著降低；裸地面积占比增加，除碳酸盐以外的盐分指标显著增加， Zn 含量显著降低。 景观破碎化程度的增加、景观斑块间连接性和聚集程度的减弱，均会显著降低除碳酸盐以外的盐分指标以及重金属中Co 含量；景观的多样性和丰富度增强显著降低 Pb 和 Fe 含量。土地利用变化对地表水水质影响具有尺度依赖性， 土地利用类型面积变化对地表水水质影响的综合解释度在 1km 缓冲距离区域内最高， 土地利用格局对地表水水质的综合影响以 80km 缓冲区域内最大。 从时间尺度变化分析， >20km 缓冲距离区域内农田面积的增加伴随着 Ca2+、 Cd 和 Pb 含量显著降低， 20km 缓冲距离区域内裸地面积增加伴随着 Kazaly 站点 SO42-含量显著增加， 景观斑块破碎化程度的增加伴随着Ca2+显著增加，斑块密度的增加 Cu、 Pb、 Cd 含量的显著降低。（4） 根据土地利用对地表水水质的影响结果， 分别从流域尺度和缓冲区尺度上提出土地利用的调整方式， 从流域尺度上，以增加农田的斑块破碎化程度、增加林地和草地的面积进而减少裸地面积为整体性的调控策略。从缓冲区尺度上来说， 在距河流 1-20km 距离区域内，减小裸地面积， 40-80km 距离区域内减小裸地面积和增加林地的面积，或是在不改变面积的条件下增加林地和裸地斑块的破碎化程度，也可以考虑将两者相结合一同实施来显著的控制地表水中 TDS、Cl-、 SO42-、 Ca2+、 Mg2+、 Na+、 K+含量。 |
| Other Abstract | The Kazakhstan section of the Syr Darya river is the main source of freshwaterand irrigation water in the southern part of Kazakhstan, and the main source of supplyto maintain the ecological balance of the north Aral Sea, which occupied an importantsocial and ecological location. The study area is located in the middle and lower reachesof the Syr Darya River Basin, its surface water has received various types of pollutantsfrom upstream countries and Kazakh territory, the water quality has deteriorated and ithas become the most complex area of the water environment in the entire Syr DaryaRiver. As an important manifestation of human activities, land use change is one of themain forms of non-point source pollution. Study on the impact of land use on surfacewater quality has important theoretical and practical significance for regional land useplanning and protection of surface water environment. Therefore, this paper is based onthe measured water quality data of the Kazakhstan section of the Syr Darya river in2017, the water quality historical monitoring data of six hydrological stations from 1992to 2010 and the land use data of the corresponding year, in the characteristics of surfacewater quality change and regional land use. Based on the analysis of the variationcharacteristics, the effects of land use type and landscape pattern on surface waterquality are revealed from the spatial and temporal scales. The main findings are asfollows:(1) The main water chemistry type of surface water in the study area is Ca-MgSO4-Cl, and the content of Fe, Mn and Zn in heavy metals is higher, and the content ofsurface water quality indicators in the downstream areas within the study area isrelatively high. Comparing the maximum allowable concentration values of fisheries,the standard values of drinking water in Kazakhstan and the World Health Organizationwith concentrations of corresponding water quality indicators, the results show that allwater quality indicators except K+ and carbonate will threaten the development offisheries in varying degrees, among which SO42-, Mg2+, Fe, Cu and Mn have greatthreats to fishery development, and SO42-, Mn, Fe and Co contents exceed the corresponding drinking water standard values. The content of salinity in existingsurface waters threatens the suitability of water for irrigation, and the Cd content couldposes a risk of carcinogenicity to human health. The weathering of silicate rocks in thestudy area is one of the sources of HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+, and the dissolutionof gypsum and rock salt is one of the sources of Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and SO42-, the impact ofanthropogenic activities such as industrial and mining, urbanized sewage andagricultural activities on surface water quality is also significant.(2) From 1992 to 2015, the area proportion of water bodies in the study area wassignificantly reduced, and the area proportion of other land use types was increased, ofwhich the urban land area increased from 0.04% in 1992 to 0.18% in 2015, thesignificantly increased area in the territory of South Kazakhstan, the water bodies areadecreased from 6.43% in 1992 to 1.95% in 2015, which is marked by the largeshrinkage of the South Aral Sea, most of the reduced water area is converted to bareland, which increases the bare land area from 37.51% in 1992 to 41.06% in 2015. Thespatial dynamic conversion process between different land use types in 2015 comparedwith 1992, except for 55.51% of the urban land area converted from cropland, otherland use types are mainly converted between the same types. The change of landscapepattern features the reduction of landscape fragmentation, the decrease of landscapetype richness, the gradual decrease of plaque interaction among different types, thedecrease of the overall complexity of plaque, and the increase of dominant degree oflandscape dominant species, indicating that the integrity of the regional landscape isgetting better and better, and the landscape's resistance to human activities is enhanced.(3) The relationship between land use and surface water quality of multi-scaleresponse research results show that the spatial scales variation characteristics analysisof farmland, forest land and bare land is significant effects on surface water quality inthe study area of land use types, farmland area ratio increases, the salt index exceptcarbonate, Cu, Cd and Ni content is reduced, zinc, Fe and Pb content significantlyincreased;When the proportion of forest area increased, the salinity index, Pb and Fe content except carbonate decreased significantly.When the proportion of bare landincreased, the salinity except carbonate increased significantly and the content of Zndecreased significantly. The increase of landscape fragmentation degree, the weakeningof connectivity and aggregation degree between landscape patches will play asignificant role in promoting the salinity index except carbonate in surface water andthe decrease of Co content in heavy metals.The increase of landscape diversity andrichness significantly promoted the decrease of Pb and Fe content. Land use change hasscale dependence on surface water quality, the comprehensive interpretation degree ofthe impact of land use type change on surface water quality was the highest in the areaof 1km buffer distance, and the comprehensive influence of land use pattern on surfacewater quality was the largest in the 80km buffer area. From the analysis of time scalechanges, the increase of farmland area in the >20km buffer distance area isaccompanied by a significant decrease in Ca2+, Cd and Pb content, and the increase ofbare land area in the 20km buffer distance area is accompanied by a significant increasein SO42- content at the Kazaly station. The increase of landscape fragmentation isaccompanied by a significant increase in Ca2+, and patch density increased significantlyreduce the content of Cu, Pb, Cd.(4) According to the results of the impact of land use on surface water quality ona spatial scale, land use adjustment methods are proposed from the basin scale andbuffer scale respectively. From the basin scale, increasing the degree of plaquefragmentation in cropland and the area of forest land and grassland, reducing the areaof bare area as a holistic regulation strategy. From the buffer scale, in the area of 1-20km away from the surface water, reducing the area of bare land, and in the area of40-80km can reduce the area of bare land and increase the area of forest land, orincrease the fragmentation degree of forestland and bare land landscape withoutchanging the area. It is also considered to combine the two methods together. Thesethree ways to adjust the regional land use pattern can significantly control the contentof TDS, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ in surface water. |
| Subject Area | 自然地理学 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15373 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 张伟燕. 锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦段土地利用对地表水水质影响研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2019. |
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