KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 西北开垦沙地棉花生长和产量对氮肥的响应 | |
| Alternative Title | COTTON GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE TO NITROGEN APPLIED IN RECLIMED SANDY LAND NORTH-WEST CHINA |
| Alzhan Kurmangozhinov | |
| Subtype | 博士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 曾凡江 ; 李向义 |
| 2020-05-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学博士 |
| Keyword | 开垦沙地 土壤质量 作物生产力 棉花产量 氮处理 Reclaimed sandy land Soil quality Crop productivity Cotton yield Nitrogen treatment |
| Abstract | 随着绿洲人口的持续增长，开垦荒地扩大农业面积，确保新增人口对土地、农产品的需求，满足社会经济发展对农业用地的需要，一直是新疆南疆地区，尤其是塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲沙化土地开垦扩张的主要驱动力。科学评估沙荒地开垦后农业种植结构和管理措施等对农田土壤状况、土壤肥力、土地生产力以及土地承载力的影响，是实现沙荒地高效利用和可持续经营的重要前提，同时也可以避免因新开垦土地管理不善效益低下导致的土地重复撂荒。在新开垦沙荒地中，沙地土壤质量的变化是影响作物栽培效益的重要因素，其中肥料的施用又是影响作物产量和土地肥力的关键因素之一。沙荒地复垦后，研究土壤质地和肥力的长期变化，有助于了解农田生态系统结构和功能的演变（趋势）以及复垦土地生产力的变化（特征）。棉花是新疆南疆地区大面积种植的经济作物，但在沙化复垦土地上，长期耕作管理对棉田土壤质地的影响，棉花的合理施肥用量、产量和土壤质量的相互关系以及施肥对棉花生态生理学机制的影响尚缺乏深入系统的研究。（本）论文依托（位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的）策勒国家站（绿洲）农田（生态学试验场），（系统）研究了长期耕作和短期肥料（使用）对农田土壤质量、作物产量的影响，为科学评估耕作管理对农田土壤质量的影响提供了科学数据支撑，为新开沙荒地的高效管理与可持续利用提供了理论依据。复垦沙荒地长期试验依托策勒国家站的绿洲农田长期生态学试验场开展（2004-至今）。长期试验始于 2004 年，根据当地农民对开垦沙荒地的实际种植经验并调整后， 一共 3 种试验设置。 ①高肥料投入模式（HMF）：生长季节投入 360 kg ha-1 尿素、 120 kg ha-1 的磷酸二氨、 30 吨 ha-1 的有机肥（牛羊等的圈肥）； ②常规肥料投入模式（NMF）：生长季节投入 200 kg ha-1 尿素、 60 kg ha-1的磷酸二氨、 21 吨 ha-1 的有机肥（牛羊等的圈肥）； ③临时耕作模式（TTF）：生长季节不投入肥料，只保持应有的灌溉，是一种新垦沙荒地的短期利用模式。每个试验地块 1 ha 面积。通过复垦沙荒地的土壤性质和棉花生长的长期研究数据，重点分析管理措施、土壤质量和作物生产力之间的相互影响，主要开展以下研究： ①长期灌溉和施肥管理对沙化土地耕作层土壤质量和棉花产量的影响; ②沙化土地作物产量和生物有机碳输入对土壤质量改善和土壤结构参数的影响;③沙化土地土壤质量的改善和棉花产量的关系。短期施肥梯度试验在 2018 年和 2019 年实施，试验地块毗邻长期定位试验地块。参照长期定位试验，短期试验包括 4 种肥料处理， ①N0： 0 kg N ha-1； ②N1：240 kg N ha-1； ③N2 ： 300 kg N ha-1； ④ N3： 360 kg N ha-1。 试验小区由 1 m×1m×1 m 的试验小池组成，小池埋入土壤 1 m 深度和地面平齐。试验小区随机分布，每组处理 12 个重复。短期试验中，通过不同氮肥的梯度试验，研究施肥管理下作物对氮素的需要量和作物生理生态特性间的关系，主要开展以下研究内容： ①施肥量和棉花产量、经济效益的关系，建立肥料投入与产量、效益等参数的定量关系； ②施肥量对棉花形态和生理参数的影响以及与棉花产量间的关系；③施肥量、棉花关键生理生态指标和棉花产量的关系评估与氮肥优化使用。最后，将耕作管理， 尤其是肥料的施用对开垦荒漠化土地的土壤质量和生产力的影响与长期研究结果进行比较。参照长期定位研究，短期试验水分处理和长期研究保持一致，每种肥料试验梯度间的水分处理一致。试验测定的主要指标参数包括土壤和棉花大两部分。（1）土壤部分： ①土壤理化指标：土壤的氮、磷、钾、有机碳（SOC）、 pH 和阳离子交换能力(CEC)等化学性质。分别在 0 - 20cm、 20 - 40cm、 40 - 60cm、 60 - 80cm 和 80 - 100cm土壤层采集土壤样品，分析 SOC、总氮(TN)、总磷、总钾(TK)、有效氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、有效钾(AK)、缓效钾(SAK)、 pH 和 CEC 等土壤理化指标。 ②土壤容重：采用割环法测定长期试验农田土壤垂直剖面 20cm 间距的容重(BD)。 ③土壤团粒结构：采用干法筛分法测定土壤的团粒结构的粒度分布，采用湿法筛分法测定大于 0.25 mm 的水稳性团粒结构(WSA)的百分率。 ④土壤粒径：耕作层土壤的粒径分布使用综合光散射法测定。（2）棉花部分： ①生物量：测定每年收获期 1 m 土层的地上生物量和根系生物量；包括：植株密度、株高（Hei）、果分枝数（NOFB）、铃数（NOB）、初果位置（FFP）等，测定面积（1.0 m×1.0 m）。②皮棉和种子：在室温下风干、称重、计算种子百分数(SP)和皮棉百分数(LP)，③经济效益估算：按照当年市场价格计算投入和产出，总产值由 SCY 与市场价格相乘得到，资本净利得(NCG)是通过从总产值中减去直接成本来计算。 ④叶片氮含量和氮素利用效率：干叶总氮含量(%)，用凯氏定氮法测定，叶片 N 含量（Na）计算总 N 与比叶面积之比。⑤叶片生理参数：包括净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(gs)和胞间 CO2 浓度(Ci)等用便携式红外气体交换仪(Li-6400)测定。论文取得的主要研究结论如下：1. 2004-2018 年的长期试验表明，荒漠化土地进行灌溉和施肥，土壤质量指数（SQI）呈―增加-下降-恢复‖趋势；荒漠化土地仅灌溉不施肥，荒漠化土地的（SQI）始终维持在较低水平。经过连续 3-4 年的持续灌溉和施肥管理，荒漠化土地可以获得稳定的作物产量和农田年净收益。长期试验研究得出的广义生态学规律有助于维持或改善土壤质量和生产力，对指导绿洲农田管理和实践活动至关重要，同时也适用于新开垦的沙质荒漠化土地生产力评估。2. 作物产量与土壤质量指数（SQI）的相关关系呈饱和特征曲线，阈值为 0.5，对应土壤有机碳含量为 5.0 g kg-1。低于此值，作物产量呈线性下降。 SQI 中 60%的年际变化可以由作物凋落的叶数量的变化来解释，其造成的 SQI 的年际变化，大约是根系残留物的 3 倍。3. 在复垦的沙漠化土地中，土壤机械成分无明显变化，土壤微生物量碳、水稳性团聚体和重碳库中有机碳在复垦的土壤中含量显著提高，大约提高了 2-9倍。4. 增加生物质产量并伴随生物残渣量的充足保持，是改善复垦荒漠土地土壤质量、稳定高产和经济收益的关键。研究结果支持―高生物质种植系统‖的生态假说。5.棉花每公顷净资本收益（NCG）的年际变化与籽棉产量（SCY）密切相关。年度 SCY 呈现出增加-减少的变化模式，部分原因可以用地上生物量（AGB）的变化来解释。 SCY 的变化趋势与新品种引进的时间节点有更好地匹配，表明品种变化对籽棉产量有明显的影响。6. N3 处理的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间 CO2 浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(E)、叶片 N 含量均有显著提高，与 N2 处理差异显著。结铃期最高的叶面积指数（LAI）为 360 kg N ha-1，这可能是由于较高的氮素利用率，导致光合能力、叶片数和叶面积增大，最终形成了较高的 LAI。7. 各种试验梯度中， 360kg ha-1 N 的结铃数、铃重、籽棉产量最高，与 300kgN ha-1 比较，有显著的差异。目前管理下，更高的氮肥使用对产量的提高有显著地作用。 |
| Other Abstract | With the continuous growth of oasis population, reclaiming sandy land to expandagricultural area, ensure the demand of new population for land and agriculturalproducts, and meet the demand of social and economic development for agriculturalland, has been the main driving force for the reclamation and expansion of sandy landin southern edge Xinjiang of Taklimakan Desert. Scientific assessment of the impactof agricultural planting structure and management measures on farmland soilcondition, soil fertility, land productivity and the change of land bearing capacity afterthe reclamation of sandy wasteland is an important prerequisite for efficient utilizationand sustainable management of sandy wasteland, and at the same time, it can avoidrepeated abandonment of land caused by poor management and low efficiency ofnewly reclaimed land. In the newly reclaimed sandy land, the change of soil quality isan important factor affecting crop cultivation efficiency, and the application offertilizer is one of the key factors affecting crop yield and land fertility. Afterreclamation of sandy wasteland, studying the long-term change of soil texture andfertility is helpful to understand the evolution (trend) of structure and function offarmland ecosystem and the change (characteristics) of reclamation land productivity.Cotton is a large-scale economic crop planted in southern Xinjiang. However, in thesandy reclamation land, the impact of long-term farming management on the soiltexture of cotton field, the relationship between the reasonable amount of fertilization,yield and soil quality of cotton, and the impact of Fertilization on the ecological andphysiological mechanism of cotton still lack of in-depth and systematic research work.Based on the long-term orientation research (ecological experimental field) of thedesert (OASIS) farmland of Cele national station (located in the south edge ofTaklimakan Desert), combined with the short-term fertilizer gradient experiment, thispaper studies the impact of long-term cultivation and short-term fertilizer (use) on thefarmland soil quality and crop yield, so as to evaluate the impact of cultivationmanagement on the farmland soil quality scientifically Sound provides scientific datasupport, and provides theoretical basis and experimental support for the efficientmanagement and sustainable utilization of the new open sand wasteland.The long-term experiment research on reclamation of desert land is based on thelong-term cotton orientation experiment field of Cele National station (2004-present).The long-term experiment began in 2004. According to the actual planting experienceof local farmers in the reclamation of sandy wasteland and after adjustment, there arethree kinds of experimental settings. ① High fertilizer inputs, including 360 kg Nha-1 of urea, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 of triple superphosphate and 30 tons ha-1 of animal(cow and sheep) manure during the growing season, which was named as farmlandwith high manure input group (HMF). ② A fertilizer consisting of 200 kg N ha-1 ofurea, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 of triple superphosphate and 21 tons ha-1 of animal manure wasapplied in the second gradient named as farmland with normal manure input group(NMF). It was a fertilizer practice popular among most farmers. ③ The reclaimeddesertification land without fertilizer addition was named as temporary tillagefarmland group (TTF). It is a short-term utilization mode of newly reclaimed sandwasteland without putting fertilizer in the growing season and only maintainingproper irrigation. Each test plot has an area of 1 ha. Based on the long-term researchdata of soil properties and cotton growth of desertified land, the interaction amongmanagement measures, soil quality and crop productivity was analyzed. Thefollowing studies were mainly carried out: ① The influence of long-term irrigationand fertilization management on soil quality and cotton flower yield of cultivatedlayer of desertified land; ② The effects of crop yield and bio organic carbon input onsoil quality improvement and soil structure parameters; ③ The relationship betweensoil quality improvement and cotton yield.The short-term fertilization gradient test was implemented in 2018 and 2019, andthe test plot is adjacent to the long-term positioning test plot. According to thelong-term positioning test, the short-term test includes four fertilizer treatments: ①N0: 0 kg N ha-1; ② N1: 240 kg N ha-1; ③ N2: 300 kg N ha-1: ④ N3: 360 kg N ha-1.Experimental plot was composed of 1.0 m³ open-top cube-box pot (1 m × 1 m × 1 m)which was installed 1 m deep in soil and each treatment was repeated 12 times with arandom arrangement of plots. In the short-term experiment, through the gradientexperiment of different nitrogen fertilizer, the relationship between the nitrogendemand of crops and the physiological and ecological characteristics of crops underthe fertilization management is studied. The main research contents are as follows: ①The relationship between the fertilization amount and the yield and economic benefitof cotton, establishing the quantitative relationship between the fertilizer input and the yield, benefit and other parameters; ② The influence of the fertilization amount onthe shape and physiological parameters of cotton And the relationship with cottonyield; ③ The evaluation of the relationship between fertilization amount, keyphysiological and ecological indicators of cotton and cotton yield and the optimal useof nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, the effects of tillage management, especially fertilizerapplication, on the soil quality and productivity of the reclaimed desertification landwere compared with the long-term results.According to the long-term positioning study, the water treatment of short-termtest is consistent with that of long-term study, and the water treatment of eachfertilizer test gradient is consistent. The main index parameters determined by theexperiment include soil and cotton. (1) Soil part: ① physical and chemical indexesof soil: chemical properties of soil such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organiccarbon, pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Soil samples were collected from0-20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm, 60-80cm and 80-100cm soil layers respectively. Soilphysical and chemical indexes such as SOC, TN, TP, TK, AN, AP, AK, SAP, pH andCEC were analyzed. ② Soil bulk density: the volume density (BD) of 20cm intervalin the vertical section of the long-term experimental farmland soil was measured bythe ring cutting method. ③ Soil aggregate structure: determine the particle sizedistribution of soil aggregate structure by dry screening method, and determine thepercentage of water stable aggregate structure (WSA) greater than 0.25 mm by wetscreening method. ④ Soil particle size: the particle size distribution of cultivatedlayer soil is measured by comprehensive light scattering method. (2) Cotton part: ①biomass: aboveground biomass and root biomass at a soil depth of 1 m during harveststage were measured every year. Plant height (Hei), number of fruit branch (NOFB),number of boll (NOB), first fruit position (FFP) were recorded. ② Lint and seedwere air-dried at the room temperature and weighted to calculate seed percentage (SP)and lint percentage (LP) ③ Gross output value was obtained by multiplying SCYand its market price. Net capital gain (NCG) was briefly calculated by subtractingdirect cost from gross output value. ④ Specific leaf area was calculated by dividingleaf area by leaf mass. Dried leaves were finely grounded and analyzed for totalnitrogen (%) according to the Kjeldahl method. Area-based leaf N content (Na) wascalculated as the ratio of total N to specific leaf area. ⑤ Leaf photosynthetic physiology including net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), stomatalconductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were measured by a portableinfrared gas exchange meter (Li-6400). Control environment of leaf cuvette was CO2at 400 µmol mol-1, photosynthetically active radiation at 1500 μmol m-2 s-1 and leaftemperature at 30.0 ± 1°C.The main results and conclusions of the doctoral thesis are as follows:1. Generalized ecological principles derived from long-term observations that helpto maintain or improve soil quality and productivity is critical for guiding fieldmanagement practices while suitable for newly reclaimed sandy desertification landstill need to be evaluated. Here, a 14-yr old experiment showed that soil quality index(SQI) had an ―increase-decline-recovery‖ tendency in irrigation and fertilizer additiondesertification lands while it remained at constantly low levels in desertification landwith only irrigation. Stably decent yield and net incomes were obtained after 3–4years‘ consecutive irrigation and fertilizer addition management.2. Correlation between crop productivity and SQI followed a saturationcharacteristic curve with threshold at 0.5, corresponding to soil organic carbon ~5.0 gkg-1, below which crop productivity was linearly declined. 60% of observedinter-annual variations in SQI were explained by quantity of leaf litter, which wasthree times higher than explanatory power of root residue.3. In the reclaimed desertified land, there is no obvious change in soil mechanicalcomposition. The content of soil microbial biomass carbon, water-stable aggregates,and heavy carbon pools in soil organic carbon in the reclaimed soil has increasedsignificantly, approximately 2 -9 times.4. The results revealed that increased biomass production with abundant residueretention is crucial for ameliorating soil quality, stabilizing high yield and economicgains, supporting the ―High Biomass Cropping System‖ ecological hypothesis.5. The results show that the inter annual change in cotton net capital gains perhectare (NCG) is closely related to seed cotton production (SCY). The annual SCYshows an increase-decrease change pattern, part of which can be explained by changesin aboveground biomass (AGB). But the change trend of SCY has a better match withthe time node of the introduction of new varieties.6. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), leaf N content (Nleaf) were significantlyimproved in N3 treatment and it was statistically similar with N2. The highest LAI with 360 kg N ha-1 at boll formation stage might be the result of greater availability ofN that has contributed to higher photosynthetic capacity, leaf number and leaf sizethat ultimately contributed to higher LAI.7. The resulted in the highest boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yieldapplication of 360 kg ha-1 N and it was statistically similar with 300 kg N ha-1. |
| Subject Area | 生态学 |
| Language | 英语 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15389 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Alzhan Kurmangozhinov. 西北开垦沙地棉花生长和产量对氮肥的响应[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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