KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 卢旺达供水网络分布及其对社区民生的影响的空间分析-以 Nyanza 区为例 | |
| Alternative Title | Spatial analysis of water supply network dispersion and its impact on community livelihood in Rwanda - - a case study of Nyanza district |
| Aboubakar GASIRABO | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 陈曦 |
| 2020-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 小区生计 生活用水 欧氏距离空间分析 水资源短缺 供水网络 WASAC Nyanza Rwanda Community livelihoods Domestic water Euclidean distance Spatial analysis Water supply network Water and Sanitation Corporation Nyanza Rwanda |
| Abstract | 在全球范围内，水资源是每个家庭生存的基本需求。如果全球水资源在空间和时间上都得到很好的分配和利用，那么就不会遇到水资源短缺的问题。水在人类生活是必不可少的， 在饮水，食品制备和卫生健康等行业更为突出。当今的水资源危机并不是由于水量减少造成的，而是由水资源管理不善造成的。即使现在，世界上仍然有数量众多的人口正遭受着供水不足以及水资源的不可持续使用的困扰。在发展中国家，导致水源供应服务问题的因素是众多的、复杂的、相互关联的，有时还受到政治决策、 社会不稳定、贫穷和内战的影响，人们获取水资源的方式差异很大，对于卢旺达也是如此。卢旺达是一个拥有 30 个地区的山区国家，其中 Nyanza 地区水资源严重短缺，其原因包括气候变化， 自然景观，水资源管理投资少以及可用供水网络的空间分布不均等，饮用水的供应需要投入大量资金来建设管道供水设施。一直以来，气候变化的加剧，当局的管理不善和腐败，水资源管理机构的缺失，官僚主义的惯性以及人力资源建设和物质基础设施投资的缺乏被认为是限制人们获得水资源的主要原因。。在卢旺达，水管是目前的主要发展的供水设施，由于众多原因无法向每个家庭输送自来水管， 分配足够的水，结果导致水资源供给短缺。 本文的研究地区 Nyanza 具有多种可利用的饮用水资源，包括河流和地下水，但是，它们大部分尚未开发，该地区居民无法获得足够的生活用水。因此，在水资源的获取和分配方面存在诸多差距。 本文通过查阅文献资料以及实地考察， 发现供水系统分配不均的主要原因是空间数据的不足和缺乏社区水资源管理技术的支持。Nyanza 地区需要建立与供水网络有关的水资源可达性优化系统，这将有助于水资源供给网络的合理分布，并且考虑到不同水源的储存水源的定位。 一项对该地区水资源文献的批判性研究表明，在界定研究区域所观察到的水资源短缺问题时，存在一些关键的概念困境。 在 Nyanza 地区观察到的水资源短缺问题已经影响到当地居民的家庭生活和农业发展。该地区可以利用的水资源可以从井或河中获得，但无法将水资源输送分配到每家每户，由于集水设施的限制，只有少部分家庭可以使用自来水。这项研究旨在分析 Nyanza 地区家庭供水网络的空间分布，并评估其对社区生计的影响。 本研究的是使用不同的数据集和方法来实现的；采用的数据集类型包括遥感数据和社会经济数据。使用地理信息系统（GIS）对收集的遥感数据进行了分析； 使用数字高程模型（DEM）生成等高线和坡度图；形成研究区域的地形信息用来设计供水网络线路，供水管沿着该地区的道路分布。此外，通过应用空间分析工具的欧几里德距离生成与河流的距离。此外，该研究使用主要和次要数据源。第一阶段， 进行调查问卷，以收集与社会经济特征和供水网络的空间分布对 Nyanza 地区社区的影响以及社区对水服务和状况的总体看法有关的数据。次要数据源包括期刊文章，政策文件，不同年份的遥感影像，自来水公司（WASAC）的数据，书籍和互联网资源。多次对 WASAC 总部进行了个人访问，以搜索文档，档案记录，文献和出版物。综上所述，本研究的主要数据来自与受访者（WASAC代表和用水者）的深入问卷调查，通过使用社会科学统计软件包（Statistical Package forSocial Sciences， SPSS 23.0） 对从调查中获得的数据进行描述性和分析性统计。最后，通过观察和家庭启示；确定了公共自来水，井水， 电井水和河水等水源，并使用 GPS 对这些水源和住户在研究区域中的位置进行了定位。通过调查得到主要结论， 如下：（1）参加问卷调查的居民中，男性占 44％，女性占 56％。这意味着女性比男性参与度更高；与之前的研究一致，即从传统渠道获取水源的影响对女性的生活造成了损害，她们对水的需求高于男子。（2）研究揭示了该地区可用的各种水源，包括公共水龙头，室内水龙头，井眼，雨水，挖井，河流/溪流。由于季节变化，这些来源的使用也相应变化。 56％的居民表示，雨水是雨季的主要来源，在干旱季节， 居民从公共水龙头取水。（3）由于政府无法整合与水有关的资源，从而无法确保公民获得充足和廉价的水源供应。 居民根据当地的地形条件定居导致水源分配和可及性方面的差异。有些人居住在规划外的定居点中， 有些人居住在较高的山坡上，给负责机构安装水相关基础设施（例如管道和其他供水设施）带来困难。由于供水网络的分布不均匀， 部分地区的自然地理位置不佳，该地区并非每个人都可以充分获得充足的水资源供应。此外，人口增长和城市化也是挑战性因素。根据定居点类别的土地覆被/土地利用（LCLU）的变化趋势， Nyanza 地区从 1990年到 2018年发生了很大变化。例如，从 1990年到 2000年，定居点扩大到 2公顷，占总面积的 0.3％；而从 2000 年到 2010 年，定居点持续扩大，从 2010 年到 2018 年，从 2公顷扩大到 1600.7 公顷，占总面积的 0.75％。（4）调查结果还表明，供水不足对社区居民生活有负面影响。该地区的水资源短缺尤其对日常家庭活动产生重大影响。女性是 Nyanza 的主要取水者，因此承担着水资源稀缺和可及性的大部分负担。这清楚地证实了她们是大多数经历和了解得更多并且遭受负面影响最大的人。社区从经济影响，健康问题，卫生状况，社会冲突和移民的角度揭示了缺水的影响。（5） Nyanza 地区的 317 个供水源在空间上的分布不均。在供水系统（WSS） 中，确定了公共水龙头，水井和；其中，有些没有发挥应有的功能。与住户相比，还绘制了 10个扇区中的 1017 个地理参考住户，以根据可用住户供水系统（WSS）根据计算得出的住户到所用 WSS 的距离，确定真正造成缺水的扇区。调查结果表明，供水系统（WSS）在50 米以内的人等于 15.8％，而 7.5％的家庭在 50 至 500 米之间。此外，取水距离在 500 至1000 米之间的家庭占 8.5％，而取水距离在 1000 至 1500 米之间的家庭占 65.9％。 最终，其余 2.3％的人在 1500 多米处取水。这一发现与伦敦卫生学院（London School of Hygiene）（2009）完全不同，该观点指出，每个家庭的取水点最大不应超过 500 米。通过欧几里得距离的平均值，邻近分析表明，供水系统（WSS）到最近家庭的距离。 据统计，许多住户到最近的供水系统（WSS）的距离在 0 到 1000m 之内，但是我们还观察到丘陵地区的许多住户面临着水的问题，这使得他们在长途跋涉中取水。有住户距离最近的供水系统（WSS）很远，这意味着距离超过 1000 m，但是问题是许多最近的供水系统（WSS）无法正常工作。（6）当前社区的水供应和可及性与各种挑战有关。人们发现这些挑战是由于各种因素造成的，这些因素造成了这种资源向社区的传播差异。绝大多数 32％的受访者提到供水基础设施已经老化导致他们的用水量很低且利用率很低。此外，有 29％的人表示人口增长和城市化在很大程度上造成了供水不足，而有 24％的人认为自己的地理位置。此外，还有其他受访者认为，水分配和可及性方面的不平等问题是由供水机构（WASAC）的失败造成的。不仅在 Nyanza 地区，而且在整个卢旺达，不可靠的电力供应也被认为是公共供水不足的原因。总之，决策者需要做出更多努力来应对 Nyanza 地区的水资源短缺问题，因为据描述，他们没有基础设施的空间状况，尤其是在供水领域，这导致他们做出的决策不会解决当前和实际的问题。因此， 需要提高水资源的公平分配。从这项研究中获得的信息非常重要，因为它们可以在制定有关公平性和充分水扩散的新政策时用作基准。建议政府不仅通过放置达到需求点的额外管道来促进网络的合理扩展，而且应通过加强，修复或更换网络水管来保卫这一过程，此外还要投资于雨水 收集技术和社区水基础设施，并制定控制人口增长的机制和政策。 |
| Other Abstract | Globally, there is enough water for everyone’s essential domestic needs. If the global waterresources were well spatially and temporally distributed and utilized, issues of water accesswouldn’t be encountered. Water is indispensable and irreplaceable for human life, especially forprimary needs such as drinking, food preparation, and hygiene. Today’s water crises are not causedby the fact of having less water to satisfy people’s needs but rather a crisis of poor watermanagement that billions of people do not access it. Even then, an enormous population of theworld is suffering from inadequate water supply system (WSS) and the unsustainable use of watersources.In developing countries, factors leading to water sources supply services problems arenumerous, complex, interrelated, and sometimes influenced by political decisions, instability,poverty, and civil war, the way people acquire and dispose water varies considerably. Rwanda is amountainous country with 30 districts, among which Nyanza is enduring a severe water scarcityderiving from climate change, landscape, low investment in water resources and the unfair spatialdispersion of the available water supply networks. Thus, a large amount of money is being investedto provide piped water supply facilities and different water facilities extracted from differentavailable sources. Increasing climate change, mismanagement and corruption by the authorities,the lack of appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia and the lack of new investment in humancapacity building and physical infrastructure have always been identified as the main causes thatlimit people's access to water. This last has shaped the way water resource is managed for asustainable solution to effectively and efficiently distribute water to all community households.In Rwanda, water pipes are the main current source of water which is not able to distributesufficient amount of water to every house; consequently, resulting in the scarcity of the water.Nyanza as case study has different water resource availability including river networks andgroundwater resources but unfortunately, they are largely untapped, and very little water isaccessible to the population. Subsequently, there are many gaps that have been identified in theaccessibility and distribution of water. These last include: the lack of spatial data and technologybased community water management causing an unequal dispersal of water supply systems (WSS).Nyanza district needs a system of water accessibility related to water supply network whichwill help in the fair dispersion of water networks, positioning of the storage water sourceconsidering different sources of water. A critical engagement with literature on the district’ s waterhas exhibited some key conceptual dilemmas in defining the problem of water scarcity observedin the study area. The observed problem of water shortage in Nyanza has been affecting localresidents in terms of domestic usage and agriculture. Based on the available water sources in thedistrict, water may be available from a well, or a river, but without a means of extraction. Thisnotwithstanding, only a small percentage of the household has access to water.Generally, the objective of this study is to analyze the spatial dispersion of domestic watersupply networks in Nyanza district and assess its impact on community livelihood. This wasbroken into different specific objective such as: To assess the factors and effects associated withthe spatial dispersion of water supply networks in Nyanza district; To conduct proximity analysisbetween households’ locations and existing water Sources services using GIS technology andFinally to identify the main challenges to optimize the spatial dispersion of water supply network.The objectives of this study were achieved using different datasets and methods. The types ofdataset employed by this research include remote sensing data and socio-economic data.For the preparation of water supply network alignment, Digital Elevation Model (DEM)was used to generate the contour and slope map to gather the information about hilly and flat areaalong the district. The water distribution network was prepared along with the roads in the districtusing. Moreover, the layers of distance from rivers were generated by applying the Euclideandistance of the Spatial Analyst tool which helped in the analysis of the distance betweenhouseholds to the nearest water sources supply. The collected remotely sensed data was analyzedand mapped using geographic information system (GIS) which is a useful tool to understand thespatial analysis of the water supply network and visualize problems in new ways.Furthermore, the study used both primary and secondary data sources. The first stage, thestandardized survey questionnaire was administered to collect data in relation to socio-economiccharacteristics and the effects of the spatial dispersion of water supply networks on the communityin Nyanza district as well as community perception on water service and status in general.Secondary data sources included journal articles, policy papers, impact reports of various years,records from Water Company Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC), books and internetsources. A personal visit on several occasions was made to the Head Offices of Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC), to search for documentation, archival records, literature, andpublications. As already indicated, primary data for this study was obtained from in-depthquestionnaires with respondents Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) representative, andconsumers of water. The data obtained from the survey were subjected to both descriptive andanalytical statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 23.0). Finally, throughobservations and household revelation; water sources such as public Taps, wells, Boreholes, andRivers water were identified, count using Global Positioning System (GPS) points that localizedthese sources and the location of household in the study area.The results of the survey were presented and compared to the information provided in theliterature review. The main obtained results are summarized as follow:(1) For water users who participated in the study, male corresponded to 44% while womenwere 56%. This implied a high participation of women than men; which was in line with previousstudies stipulating that the effect of collecting water from traditional sources takes its toll on thelivelihood opportunities of women and girls while their demand for water is higher than men.(2) The study revealed different types of water sources available in the district includingpublic taps, indoor taps, boreholes, rainwater, dug wells, rivers/streams. Because of seasonalvariations, the use of these sources varies accordingly. As reveal by majority 56% of households,rainwater is the main source in the rainy season, while this source contributes nothing in the dryseason. In dry season, households get water from public taps.(3) Factors associated with unequal water dispersal and differences in its accessibility wassaid to be caused by the inability of the government to successfully connect water related resourcesthat ensure equitable access to adequate, sufficient, improved and inexpensive water supply for itspopulation. Moreover, the disparities in water distribution and accessibility was found to be causedby the scattering of households based on their locations and even the topographic nature of theirareas. Some were found residing in unplanned settlement and others living in high elevated areascausing difficulties for the institution in charge to install water related infrastructures such as pipesand other water networks. Due to the inadequate dispersal of water supply networks and the factthat several areas are not naturally and geographically well located, not everyone in this districthas full access to adequate water. Consequently, it was found that it could be too expensive toprovide every household with water supply. Furthermore, the population growth and urbanization were also challenging factors. It has been observed that population has increased. Nyanza hasknown changes from 1990 to 2018 based on the trend in land cover land use (LCLU) in thesettlement class. For instance, from 1990 to 2000, the settlements expanded to 2 ha accounting for0.3% of the total area while from 2000 to 2010, settlement kept expanding and from 2010 to 2018expanded from 2 ha to 1600.7 ha representing 0.7% of the total area.(4) The findings also showed that lack of water supply has a negative impact on communitylivelihood. Water shortages in this area has a great impact especially on daily domestic activities.As illustrated, females bear most of the burden of water scarceness and accessibility as they arethe major collectors of water in Nyanza. This clearly confirmed that they are the ones who mostlyexperience, understand better and suffer a lot from its negative effects. The effects of watershortage were revealed by the community in terms of economic effects, health problems, poorsanitation, and hygiene, social conflicts and migration.(5) As shown on the map, 317 water supply sources in Nyanza was found to be spatiallydispersed in an unequal manner. Among the WSS, public water taps, wells, and Boreholes wereidentified; among which, some were not functional. In comparison to households, 1017georeferenced households, across the 10 Sectors were also mapped for the identification of sectorswhich really suffer from water scarcity according to the available water supply systems (WSS)based on the calculated distance between households to the WSS used. The findings showed thatpeople who have a water supply system (WSS) in less than 50 meters were equal to 15.8% while7.5% of household were found between 50 to 500 meters. In addition, those fetching in the distancebetween 500 to 1000 meters equaled 8.5% of the households while those fetching their water inthe distance between 1000 to 1500 meters were equal to 65.9% of households. Finally, the rest 2.3%fetch their water in more than 1500 meters. This finding was in total disagreement with the LondonSchool of Hygiene (2009) stating that water access points should be a maximum of 500 metersfrom every household. By the mean of Euclidian distance, a proximity analysis showed that thedistance of water supply systems (WSS) to the nearest households. It was revealed that manyhouseholds are within the distance between 0 and 1000m to the nearest water supply system (WSS),but we have also observed that many households in the hilly area face a problem of water, whichmakes them travel a long distance for fetching water. Few households are in very far distance fromthe nearest water supply system (WSS), it means in more than 1000m, but the problem is that many of nearest water supply systems (WSS) are not functioning.(6) Water availability and accessibility of present communities are associated with variouschallenges. These challenges were found to be due to various factors that create a disparity in thedispersal of this resource to the community. The majority 32% of respondents mentioned that thefacts that infrastructure that supplies water has been deteriorated cause them to have poor and lowavailability of water. Furthermore, 29% said that population growth and urbanization largelycontribute to the poor supply of water while 24% argued their geographical location. Besides, thereare other respondents who argued that the problem of inequality in terms of water distribution andaccessibility is caused by the failure of the institution in charge of water supply (WASAC). Theunreliable power supply has also been identified as a cause of inadequate public water supply notonly in Nyanza but also in Rwanda as a whole.In conclusion, policy and decision-makers need more efforts in dealing with water scarcityin Nyanza district as it was depicted that they haven’t a spatial situation of infrastructuresespecially in this domain of water supply, which causes them to take decisions that will not solvethe present and real problem on the field. Hence, equity and adequate dispersal of water need ahigh level of efficiency. The information got from this study are very important as they can be usedas a baseline when setting up new policies regarding equity and adequate water dispersal. Thegovernment is recommended to the promotion of rational extension of the networks not only byplacing additional pipelines that reach the point of demand, but that this process should be escortedby reinforcement, rehabilitation, or replacement of the network water mains and moreover investin rainwater harvesting technology and community water infrastructure as well as settingmechanisms and policies to Control the growing population. |
| Subject Area | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| Language | 英语 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15391 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Aboubakar GASIRABO. 卢旺达供水网络分布及其对社区民生的影响的空间分析-以 Nyanza 区为例[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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