KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 塔吉克斯坦本土与入侵害虫的生态防控 | |
| Alternative Title | Ecologically-based control of major endemic and new invasive insect pests in Tajikistan |
| Ismoilov Khasan | |
| Subtype | 博士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 吕昭智（Lv Zhao Zhi） |
| 2020-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学博士 |
| Keyword | 入侵害虫 捕食率 本土害虫 生物防治 迷向技术 有害生物综合治理（IPM） 笼罩试验 invasive pests endemic pests biological control IPM exclusion cage predation rate mating disruption technique |
| Abstract | 害虫是造成世界农业生产和农业产业大量损失的主要生物因子之一。 在食品安全方面， 由虫害取食造成的危害是导致作物产量和作物品质下降的主要因素之一。 预防和管理病虫害的基础是适当采用最新的技术和措施。而监测田间主要害虫是农业相关部分政府政策的关键因素。 外来入侵物种(IAS)正在威胁全球范围内的生计和生物多样性。 日益增长的全球化促进了外来入侵物种(IAS)的产生以及环境的变化。 自从工业革命开始以来，贸易和外来物种的入侵就相互交织在一起。然而，随着全球化的到来，当前的国际贸易和人类旅行水平不仅使外来入侵物种的引入风险达到了前所未有的水平，而且也成为它们迅速传播的渠道。 农业在塔吉克斯坦的国民经济中发挥着重要作用，为塔吉克斯坦创造了就业和收入。 然而，塔吉克斯坦农业近年来受到几种主要的本土害虫和侵入性害虫的威胁。 因此，必须采取抗性品种、 生物防治、 自然天敌、 辐射技术、微生物和少量使用杀虫剂等措施来控制害虫，使害虫种群数量低于经济承受能力。这些方法引导我们引入有害生物综合治理(IPM)。目前，在大多数作物系统中优化有害生物综合治理（IPM）具有较高的挑战性和重要意义。 尤其随着本土害虫和入侵性害虫对农作物的伤害不断加剧，这一主题显得尤为重要。 因此， 种植者、 农业部门以及研究人员的关键任务是开发和采用一些替代技术来监测和管理害虫。 由于依靠过度使用化学杀虫剂进行有害生物管理对人类健康和环境造成了威胁， 采用替代控制措施实现农作物的可持续保护极为迫切。 综合了相关控制策略和方法的替代控制措施具有较高的成本效益。在有害生物综合治理（IPM） 中，基于性信息素的生化防治以及基于释放和保护节肢动物天敌的生物防治是关键性的技术。 本研究目标是：（i）评估 迷 向 技 术 防 治 本 土 害 虫 苹 果 蠹 蛾 Cydia pomonella L.(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) 、 葡 萄 花 翅 卷 叶 蛾 Lobesia botrana (Denis &Schiffermüller)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 和 新 入 侵 害 虫 梨 小 食 心 虫Grapholita molesta（Busck）（Lepidoptera: Tortricidae） 的有效性；（ii）评估寄生性天敌烟仓麦蛾茧蜂 Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) 和 捕 食 性 天 敌 普 通 草 蛉 Chrysoperla carnea （Stephens ）（Neuroptera： Chrysopidae） 对塔吉克斯坦的入侵害性害虫番茄潜麦蛾 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 的生物防治效力。 在实验室和野外条件下进行了一系列实验。在第 2-3 章中，我们评估了迷向（MD）技术对本土害虫苹果蠹蛾、 葡萄花翅卷叶蛾和入侵性害虫梨小食心虫的防控效果 G.molesta。 本试验在塔吉克斯坦中部的 Gissar 区进行， 2018 年至 2019 年期间， 在当地的桃园中进行梨小食心虫的防控效果评估； 2017 年至 2018 年， 于当地的苹果园和葡萄园中分别进行苹果蠹蛾和葡萄花翅卷叶蛾的防控效果评估。 本研究中采用含有合成信息素诱芯的粘性诱捕器诱捕雄性成虫来评估迷向技术（MD） 的有效性，并通过检测样品水果破坏程度来评估迷向技术（MD） 对梨小食心虫（桃子） 、 苹果蠹蛾（苹果）和葡萄花翅卷叶蛾（葡萄） 的影响效果。 在使用迷向技术（MD） 处理的试验点，粘性诱捕器没有捕获到雄性成虫。而且水果的破坏程度下降了 98%-100%。 。 迷向技术（MD）在两个生长季节中对第二代、 第三代和第四代梨小食心虫、 苹果蠹蛾和葡萄花翅卷叶蛾具有较高的防控效果。当使用迷向技术（MD）时， 由梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾造成的水果破坏程度最少是 0-2％和 2-3％， 而葡萄花翅卷叶蛾则没有对水果造成任何损伤。 迷向技术（MD） 极大程度上降低了梨小食心虫、 苹果蠹蛾和葡萄花翅卷叶蛾造成的经济损失。在第 4 章中，我们评估了两个本土节肢动物天敌烟仓麦蛾茧蜂和普通草蛉对番茄潜麦蛾的防控效果。 , 结果显示， 烟仓麦蛾茧蜂主要寄生在番茄潜麦蛾的老熟幼虫上，其平均寄生率为 29%（每个杯子 10 头幼虫，共 20 个杯子）。在被寄生的幼虫中，羽化出的烟仓麦蛾茧蜂占 3.5%。成功羽化的番茄潜麦蛾占 63%。该试验结果表明烟仓麦蛾茧蜂对番茄潜麦蛾的防控效果相对较低。 故没有对烟仓麦蛾茧蜂做出进一步的大田评估。在可控的实验室条件下，评估普通草蛉对番茄潜麦蛾的防控效果。 结果发现：普通草蛉对番茄潜麦蛾的卵（即 24 h 内 36±2 个卵和 48 h 内 72±4 个卵）和幼虫均具有较高的捕食率， 并且其可以攻击叶片虫道内外的幼虫（虫道内： 22％的幼虫被杀死；虫道外： 35％的幼虫被杀死）。此外野外笼罩试验表明：在“挂果前释放” 普通草蛉，笼罩内具有相对较低的番茄潜麦蛾幼虫密度，然而在“不释放” 的笼罩内， 幼虫密度达到处理组的 4-6 倍。在“挂果后释放” 的笼罩中， 挂果前已经建立起来的害虫种群最终崩溃。 此外，对照样地的番茄作物被完全破坏，而在进行生物防治的样地中， 幼虫密度较低，而且作物受到的破坏也较低。 在则相比于“不释放” 普通草蛉的样地，释放草蛉的具有较高的番茄产量， 尽管“挂果前释放”和“挂果后释放” 番茄产量间没有显著差异。因此得出结论：在塔吉克斯坦商业化的生物防治天敌普通草蛉在防治番茄潜麦蛾方面具有很大的潜力。建议在较大面积的经济作物以及不同的地点进行进一步田间试验来验证其有效性。本研究中， 与施用农药相比， 在使用迷向技术进行防控的试验点，由梨小食心虫、 苹果蠹蛾和葡萄花翅卷叶蛾造成的水果损失率下降,并且迷向技术（MD）也很便宜.因此大规模应用迷向技术（MD）管理该害虫有望成为有潜力的生化防治策略，并且有必要进行进一步调查以评估迷向技术（MD） 使用策略。我们的室内试验也表明普通草蛉在防治和管理番茄潜麦蛾方面具有很大的潜力。尽管在原生境中保护该生物天敌具有很重要的意义，但是大量饲养繁殖以及扩大释放普通草蛉是更实际且有效的防控策略。 并且在塔吉克斯坦和其他中亚国家，大规模饲养普通草蛉的成本并不高， 本地的生物工厂可以大量繁殖这种生物天敌，可以为这种生物天敌的广泛使用提供坚强的后盾，至少可以满足这些地区的需求。为了促使这种生物天敌被广泛的使用，还需要进一步进行一些和普通草蛉相关的应用研究。 |
| Other Abstract | Insect pests is one of major biotic factor leading to considerable loss in agricultureproduction and industry throughout world. In terms of food safety, the damage causedby insect pests as a result of feeding is one of the main factors leading to lower cropyields and crop quality. The prevention and management of pests and diseases are basedon appropriate adoption of up-to-date techniques and measures. Monitoring of majorpests in the fields are the first key elements of government policies in the agriculturalsector.Invasive alien species (IAS) are threatening livelihoods and biodiversity at theglobal level. Increasing globalization contributes to the emergence of IAS, and changesin the environment. Trade and the introduction of alien species have been intertwinedsince the start of the industrial revolution. Increasing globalization contributes to theemergence of IAS, and changes in the environment. However, with the advent ofglobalization, the current level of international trade and human travel not only broughtthe risk of introduction of invasive species to unprecedented levels, but also act aschannels for their rapid spread across the landscape. Agriculture plays a prominent roleto the national economy of Tajikistan, generating jobs and income for the country.However, several major endemic and invasive insect pests threaten Tajikistanagriculture in recent years. Pest control must be conducted so that the insect populationremained below the economic tolerance through the relying on resistant varieties andbiological control methods, natural enemies and radiation techniques, microorganismsand minimal use of pesticides. All these approaches will lead us to the introduction ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM).Optimization of IPM is currently the most challenging and important aspects inmost of crop systems. This subject is notably important, as we have witnessed everincreasing crop damage by endemic and invasive insect pests. The monitoring andmanagement of insect pests through the development and adoption of alternativetechniques are the key tasks of growers, policy making in agricultural sectors as wellas researchers. While relying on overuse of chemical insecticides poses concerns tohuman health and environment, sustainable crop protection using alternative controloptions is urgently needed. It takes into account all relevant control tactics and methodsthat are locally available with high cost-effectiveness. In IPM packages, sex pheromones and biological control though release and conservation of arthropodnatural enemies are the key options. The objectives of study: (i) to assess theeffectiveness of mating disruption technique to management of the endemic pestCodling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) the Grape vine mothLobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and new invasivepest Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and (ii)to assess the biocontrol effectiveness of a larval parasioid Habrobracon hebetor (Say)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and a predation of Green lacewings Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on the invasive pest, the Tomato leaf miner Tutaabsoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tajikistan. A series of experimentswere performed in both laboratory and field conditions.In Chapter 2-3, we evaluated the effectiveness of mating disruption (MD)techniques to control of the Cydia pomonella, Lobesia botrana and Grapholita molesta,(in 2018 to 2019, Grapholita molesta using a peach orchard, in 2017 and 2018, Cydiapomonella in apple orchard and Lobesia botrana in vineyard) in commercial farmlocated in Gissar, Central Tajikistan. Field studies to evaluate the effectiveness of handapplied pheromone dispensers to disorienting males of C. pomonella, L. botrana and G.molesta. The effectiveness of MD was evaluated using the captured moths by deltabaited traps synthetic sex pheromone lures, as well as inspecting samples fruit forevidence of G. molesta (shoots), C. pomonella (apple) and L. botrana (bunches) damage.No male was captured in traps was placed in pheromone MD treated plots during twogrowing season. Damaged fruits as the evidence of effectiveness of pheromone werereduced by 98%-100%. MD hand-applied dispensers showed high efficiency inprotection against the G. molesta, C. pomonella and L. botrana of the 2nd, 3rd,generations during two growing season. Damage by C. pomonella, L. botrana and G.molesta when using MD was a minimum 2%-3% in 2017-2018 (by C. pomonella), nodamage (by L. botrana) in 2017 and 2018, and no damage in 2018 and 2% in 2019 (byG. molesta) respectively. The use of MD dispensers reduced the damage by larvae ofC. pomonella, L. botrana and G. molesta, which control efficiency, was aneconomically imperceptible level.In Chapter 4, we assessed the effectiveness of two arthropod natural enemiesHabrobracon hebetor and Chrysoperla carnea for the management of the SouthAmerican tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), adestructive pest on tomato crop. For the larval parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor was active in parasitizing the old larvae of T. absoluta. The parasitic activity of H. hebetor,an average of 29.0% was revealed (a ratio of 10 tuta larvae -20 plastic cups). Parasitism,effectiveness of H. hebetor emerged adults taked 3.5%. For the emerging of T. absolutaadults take 63.0%. The experiment showed that, the effectiveness of H. hebetorparasitism by T. absoluta is relatively low, and H. hebetor was not selected for furtherfield assessment.Assesment of the lacewing effectiveness in controlled laboratory conditions, wefound that larvae of C. carnea showed high predation rate on both T. abtoltua eggs (i.e.,36±2 eggs within 24 h and 72±4 eggs within 48 h) and larvae, especially it can attackthe larvae both inside and outside the leaf galleries (i.e., an average of 22% of the larvaewas killed inside, and an average of 35% was killed outside), and C. carnea wereselected for further assessment in the open field condition.In field cage exclusion experiment, T. absoluta showed relatively low larval densityin the cages with pre-fruiting release of C. carnea, whereas the larval density reached4-6 folds higher in the “no release lacewing” cages. In the “post-fruiting release” cages,the pest population that had already built up during the pre-fruiting stage eventuallycrashed. In open field experiment, the tomato crops in control plots were fully destroyedwhereas low levels of larvae density and damage were observed in the biocontrol plots.Moreover, the field release of C. carnea resulted in significantly higher tomato yieldthan those without release, despite no differences between the “pre-fruiting release” and“post-fruiting release” treatments. We conclude that the local commercial biocontrolagent C. carnea could be promising for the management of T. absoluta in Tajikistan.In conclusion, based on our study, the fruit damage caused by G. molesta, C.pomonella and L. botrana decreased in open field scale where this strategyimplemented compared with whole season insecticide application, and the MDtechnique is not costly. Therefore, MD strategy assessment use in large scale could bepromising biochemical control for management of this pests and need to be furtherinvestigation is warranted to assess MD technique use strategy.To determine the parasitic activity of H. hebetor on T absoluta larvae successfullyparasitized. However, the rate of T. abolsuta emerged was high, indicating that majorityof the larvae were not successfully parasitized by H. hebetor. Thus the effectiveness of H. hebetor parasitism on T. absoluta was relatively low. Still, several aspects need tobe considered for practical use of this species in protected or open-field condition.Our study shows that the lacewing species C. carnea is a promising biocontrol agentfor T. absoluta. Chrysoperla carnea was observed preying actively on the moth eggsand larvae in laboratory trials. Moreover, the release of C. carnea during fruiting stagein exclusion cages and open fields declined the moth population abundance andprotected the tomato yield. As mass-rearing of C. carnea is not costly in Tajikistan andother central Asia countries, augmentative release of C. carnea was suggested to beincluded in the IPM package against this pest. Our study seems to be the first showingthe laboratory and field evidence that a lacewing species could be used for themanagement of T. absoluta. To enhance its practical usage on larger scale, variousapplied aspects of the lacewing need to be further investigated. Despite that C. carneawas able to work alone to control T. absoluta in the field experiment, we do not suggestthe sole use of lacewing by growers. The reason is that other alternative treatment maywork jointly to suppress T. absoluta. For instance, the IPM package could include sexpheromone - based control tools and Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticide. |
| Subject Area | 生态学 |
| Language | 英语 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15393 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Ismoilov Khasan. 塔吉克斯坦本土与入侵害虫的生态防控[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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