KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 基于多源遥感的塔河干流植被时空分析 | |
| Alternative Title | Temporal and spatial analysis of vegetation in the Mainstream of the Tarim River based on multi-source remote sensing data |
| 蔚亮 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 李均力 |
| 2020-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 塔河干流 植被 荒漠区河岸带湿地 塔河下游生态输水 时空变化 Mainstream of the Tarim River Vegetation Riparian wetlands in desert area Ecological Water Conveyance Project in the Lower reaches of the Tarim River Temporal and spatial change |
| Abstract | 近几十年来塔里木河流域植被呈现了显著的变化，这些变化在时间上、空间上都具有较大的差异。自 2000 年开始实施的生态输水工程对塔河干流的植被产生了巨大的影响，生态输水对干流不同区域的植被影响如何，是非常值得研究的课题。因此，本文以塔河干流植被为研究对象， 基于 Landsat 系列和 Sentinel 2 构建的长时序多源遥感数据， 分析自阿克苏河年径流量发生突增的 1994 年至 2019年的塔河干流植被的时空变化特征及其影响因素，并以塔河下游的英苏-阿拉干之间的河岸带湿地为典型湿地，对湿地时序变化特征及其对生态输水的响应进行分析。 结论如下：（ 1）总体上，塔河干流河岸带植被在 1994~2019 年间呈现先减小后增加的趋势。在生态输水前的 1994~2000 年，河岸带植被变化较小。 而生态输水后2000~2009 年、 2009~2019 年的两个时段，植被面积的增加率由负到正，分别为-0.53%、 3.75%。生态输水的前 10 年，仅仅在塔河下游河段有持续的生态输水，干流河岸带植被面积有所增加，但增加率不高，特别是在枯水年份、如 2009 年河岸带植被面积呈减小的趋势。 而 2009 年以后的 10 年，生态水工程在上、 中、 下游全面实施，河岸带植被面积增加显著，特别是 2015~2019 年的年均变化率高达 9.52%。（ 2）从上、中、下游分区域的干流河岸带植被变化来看，上游和中游呈现先减小后增加的趋势，而下游地区自 2000 年来一直呈现增加的趋势。上游和中游在 2015 年以前河岸带植被呈减小的趋势，耕地的侵占使得河岸带植被的景观破碎度增加。 2015 年以后随着退耕护岸林措施的实施和生态输水的全方位实施，河岸带植被逐渐向塔河南侧的沙地延伸，但被耕地侵占的胡杨林地尚未有恢复的迹象。塔河中游乌斯满枢纽的建设和河岸堤坝工程的建设，使得以往塔河季节性漫溢洪水无法对周边植被补水，中游河岸带植被加剧萎缩；而 2015 年以后输水闸坝的工程完善以及生态输水的常态化，河岸带植被又显著增加。下游河岸带植被自 2000 年生态输水后，一直处于增加的趋势。 其中 2013 年前输水量小且连续性差， 河岸带植被改善程度较小。 2013 年以后，下游英苏-阿拉干湿地和台特玛湖湿地改善明显，水面由季节性转为常年的湖泊坑塘，有益于湿地植被的生长，河岸带植被也迅速扩张。（ 3）为了深入分析生态输水对塔河河岸带植被的生态效应，研究塔河下游英苏-阿拉干沿岸的河岸带湿地的长时序变化，并与生态输水、地下水数据联合分析，结果表明： 2000~2018 年塔河下游英苏-阿拉干湿地面积持续增加。其中，2011 年之前湿地面积较小且增长缓慢， 2011 年后湿地面积大幅增加，特别是2011~2013 年和 2016~2018 年是面积快速增加的 2 个阶段，在塔克拉玛干沙漠和库木塔格沙漠间形成了宽达 33 公里的生态屏障。从年湿地面积与年生态输水量的关系分析表明， 累积生态输水量的持续增加是近 20 年来塔河下游河岸带湿地扩张的重要因素，而每年大于 3.5 亿方的双通道生态输水是湿地持续恢复的关键。通过月度地下水与湿地月度曲线的互相关分析可知，当地下水高于-5.0 m 时，湿地植被才出现持续稳定的渐进增长，然而月度湿地面积与地下水埋深存在7~8 个月时滞，其主要原因是生态输水主要在农业用水少的秋冬季实施，与湿地植被生长的季相相反。因此，在湿地生长季开展 3.5 亿方左右的双通道生态输水，可进一步提高生态输水效益，改善塔河下游河岸带湿地恢复的质量。影响塔河干流河岸带植被变化的因素有很多，本文只从水利工程建设、生态输水和耕地侵占的因素进行了简单的分析。今后将结合气候、水量平衡和社会经济角度进一步分析塔河干流河岸带植被变化的因素。 |
| Other Abstract | In recent decades, the vegetation of the Tarim River Basin has shown significantchanges, which are different both in time and space. Since 2000, the Ecological WaterConveyance Project in the Lower reaches of the Tarim River has great effect on thevegetation in the Mainstream of the Tarim River. How the Ecological WaterConveyance Project affects the vegetation in the different regions of the Mainstream isa very worthy research topic. Therefore, this study takes the vegetation in theMainstream of the Tarim River as the research object, based on the long-term multisource remote sensing data constructed by Landsat series and sentinel 2, analyzing thetemporal and spatial change characteristics of the vegetation and its influencing factorsin the Mainstream of the Tarim River from 1994 to 2019. Then, taking the YingsuAlagan wetlands as a typical, the time series characteristics of this wetlands and itsresponse to Ecological Water Conveyance Project were analyzed. The conclusions areas follows:(1) In general, the area of riparian vegetation in the Mainstream of the Tarim Riverdecreased first and then increased during 1994 to 2019. The change of riparianvegetation was relatively small before Ecological Water Conveyance Project, while in2000 to 2009 and 2009 to 2019 after Ecological Water Conveyance Project, theincreasing rate of riparian vegetation area was from negative to positive, -0.53% and3.75% respectively.In the first 10 years of Ecological Water Conveyance Project, there was continuousecological water conveyance only in the Lower reaches of the Tarim River, and theriparian vegetation area of the Mainstream increased, but the increasing rate was nothigh, especially in dry years, such as 2009, the vegetation area showed a decreasingtrend. While in the 10 years after 2009, the Ecological Water Conveyance Project wasfully implemented in the Upper, Middle and Lower reaches, and the riparian vegetationarea increased significantly, especially the average annual change rate from 2015 to2019 reached 9.52%.(2) From the perspective of the riparian vegetation changes in the Upper, Middleand Lower reaches, the riparian vegetation in the Upper and Middle reaches decreasedfirst and then increased, while that in the Lower reaches has been increasing since 2000.Before 2015, the riparian vegetation in the Upper and Middle reaches decreased,and the landscape fragmentation of the riparian vegetation in the river bank increaseddue to the occupation of arable land. After 2015, with the implementation of themeasures of returning farmland to bank protection and the full implementation ofEcological Water Conveyance Project, the vegetation in the river bank graduallyextended to the desert in the south of the river, but the Populus euphratica forest landoccupied by arable land has not recovered.Due to the construction of Wusiman junction in the Middle reaches of the TarimRiver and the construction of riverbank embankment project, the previous seasonalflood could not make up water for the surrounding riparian vegetation, and the riparianvegetation in the riverbank zone in the Middle reaches became more and more atrophic.However, after 2015, with the improvement of the water gate dam project and thenormalization of the Ecological Water Conveyance Project, the riparian vegetation inthe riverbank zone increased significantly.Since 2000, the riparian vegetation in the Lower reaches of the Tarim River hasbeen on the increasing trend, among which the water delivery volume before 2013 issmall and the continuity is poor, and the vegetation improvement degree is small. After2013, the Yingsu to Alagan wetlands and Taitema Lake wetlands have been improvedsignificantly, and the water surface has changed from seasonal to perennial lakepotholes, which is beneficial to the growth of wetlands vegetation, and the riparianvegetation was also in rapid expansion.(3) In order to deeply analyze the ecological effect of the Ecological WaterConveyance Project on the riparian vegetation in the Mainstream of the Tarim River,the long-term change of riparian wetlands along the Yingsu to Alagan in the Lowerreaches of the Tarim River was studied, and the results showed that the area of Yingsu to Alagan wetlands continued to increase from 2000 to 2018. Among them, before 2011,the wetlands area was small and grew slowly, and after 2011, the wetlands areaincreased significantly, especially in 2011 to 2013 and 2016 to 2018, which were twostages of rapid increase in area, forming a 33 km wide ecological barrier betweenTaklimakan Desert and Kumutag Desert. The analysis of the relationship between theannual wetlands area and the annual ecological water conveyance showed that thecontinuous increase of the cumulative ecological water volume was an important factorfor the expansion of the riparian wetlands in the Lower reaches of the Tarim River inthe past 20 years, and more than 350 million square meters of double channel ecologicalwater conveyance per year was the key to sustainable wetlands restoration. Through thecorrelation analysis of monthly groundwater and wetlands monthly curve, it can be seenthat when the groundwater is higher than -5.0 m, the wetlands vegetation will continueto grow steadily and gradually. However, there is a time lag of 7 to 8 months betweenthe monthly wetlands area and groundwater depth. The main reason is that theecological water delivery is mainly implemented in autumn and winter with lessagricultural water, which is opposite to the season of wetlands vegetation growth.Therefore, in the growing season of the wetlands, carrying out the double channelecological water conveyance of about 350 million square meters can further improvethe ecological water delivery efficiency and improve the quality of wetlands restorationin the Lower reaches of the Tarim River.There are many factors that affect the riparian vegetation change in the Mainstreamof the Tarim River. This paper only analyzes the factors of water conservancy projectconstruction, ecological water conveyance and farmland occupation. In the future, thefactors affecting the riparian vegetation change in the Mainstream of the Tarim Riverwill be further analyzed from the perspective of climate, water balance and socialeconomy. |
| Subject Area | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15412 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 蔚亮. 基于多源遥感的塔河干流植被时空分析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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