KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 新疆南部灰鹤（Grus grus） 越冬调查研究 | |
| Alternative Title | A survey on the wintering of the common cranes in Southern Xinjiang |
| 李军伟 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 马鸣 |
| 2020-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 种群动态 迁徙规律 活动节律 觅食生境 灰鹤 Population dynamics Migration patterns Activity rhythm Foraging habitat Common crane |
| Abstract | 过去我国灰鹤的越冬地主要是在长江以南及云南、 贵州、 江西等地， 但近年来却发现在新疆南部地区有灰鹤越冬， 为新发现的越冬地。 作者于 2018 年 10 月~ 2019 年 4 月， 2019 年 10 月 ~ 2020 年 1 月， 分别采用样线法、 样点法、 直接计数法、 卫星追踪法、 瞬时扫描取样法、 焦点动物取样法和问卷调查法， 对新疆南部灰鹤的种群分布和数量、 集群特征、 迁徙规律、 活动范围、 时间分配、 行为节律、 食物组成及鸟害评价开展调查。 目的在于能够揭示新疆南部越冬灰鹤种群的种群现状、 生态习性、 迁徙规律及其对农作物的危害程度， 为将来对灰鹤进行深入研究以及保护管理提供可靠的理论依据。 基于野外调查数据和数理统计， 得到主要结果如下：（1） 灰鹤种群分布、 数量与集群越冬灰鹤种群在新疆南部区域主要分布在阿克苏、 喀什、 和田等 3 个地区，包括拜城县、 巴楚县、 皮山县、 民丰县、 温宿县、 墨玉县、 乌什县、 喀什平原等8 个县域。 其中拜城县分布数量最多为 4718 ~ 4980 只， 其次是墨玉县分布 1890 ~2000 只， 巴楚县分布 1100 ~ 1400 只。 根据连续 5 个越冬期的种群监测， 可以明显看出种群发展动态呈上升趋势（R2=0.983， P<0.01）。 越冬期间灰鹤的集群类型主要以家庭群（63.90%） 为主， 聚集群（28.62%） 次之， 孤鹤（7.48%） 最少。家庭群组成主要以 2 成 1 幼（46.82%） 为主， 其次是 2 成 2 幼（27.48%）。 聚集群主要以 5 ~ 8 个体（65.91%） 为主， 其次是 9 ~ 15 个体（17.61%）， 在越冬后期常见几十至百只左右的大群在空中盘旋， 为春季迁徙做准备。（2） 越冬灰鹤的迁徙与活动范围根据卫星跟踪数据显示， 整个秋季迁徙天数为 10 d， 期间在 2 个中间停歇地停留， 飞行距离约 430 km。 整个春季迁徙天数为 8 d， 期间在 2 个中间停歇地停留， 飞行距离约 495 km。 整个越冬期持续约为 140 ~160 d， 冬季累计活动距离为1058 km， 活动区域相对固定， 活动面积为 125 km2。 活动面积和活动距离都会伴随温度的变化而变化， 温度上升， 活动范围和活动距离增加。 反之， 则减少（P<0.05， R2=0.652； P<0.05， R2=0.663）。（3） 越冬灰鹤日间行为时间分配与行为节律共观察越冬灰鹤日间行为 57 d， 累计观察时间 7570 min， 共扫描了 757 次。进食行为是昼间最主要的行为， 占总行为时间的 46.61%； 其次是警戒（17.76%）、休息（13.31%）、 走动（11.42%）、 理羽（7.55%）、 其他（3.35%）。 越冬前期，其行为时间分配为： 进食（ 44.99%）、 警戒（ 17.37%）、 休息（ 12.58%）、 走动（ 11.84%）、 理羽（ 8.72%）、 其他（ 4.49%）， 行为时间分配存在极显著差异（F=261.328， df=5， P<0.001）。 越冬中期， 各行为所占时间比例分别为： 进食（39.71%）、 休息（21.04%）、 警戒（17.09%）、 走动（9.72%）、 理羽（9.68%）、其他（2.77%）， 行为时间分配存在极显著差异（F=70.327， df=5， P<0.001）。 越冬后期， 其昼间行为时间分配为： 进食（50.20%）、 警戒（18.17%）、 走动（12.12%）、休息（9.86%）、 理羽（6.29%）、 其他（3.36%）， 行为时间分配存在极显著差异（F=177.622， df=5， P<0.001）。 再进一步比较各行为在不同时期时间分配差异，发现警戒、 走动行为存在差异， 但不显著（P＞0.05）； 理羽行为在不同生活时期存在极显著差异（P＜0.01）； 而休息、 进食、 其他等行为则在不同生活期存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。在整个越冬期， 进食行为有两个明显的高峰， 呈双凸型， 高峰出现在 08:00 ~09:00 和 17:00 ~ 18:00， 占比分别为 54.23%和 55.47%， 低谷出现在 13:00 ~ 14:00，占比为 41.36%。 休息行为呈现一个明显的单峰， 高峰出现在 13:00 ~ 14:00， 占比为 21.04%， 低谷出现在 08:00 ~ 09:00 和 17:00 ~18:00， 占比分别为 3.33%和5.15%。 在不同越冬生活时期， 各行为的活动节律性有所不同， 其昼间各时段之间的行为时间分配也会存在差异性。（4） 灰鹤的食物组成与鸟害评价灰鹤主要以玉米、 小麦、 马铃薯、 水稻等农作物为食， 其中玉米是最主要的食物来源。 不同越冬阶段觅食生境的变化主要与农作物收割时间和食物丰富度相关。 根据问卷调查可知， 该区域发生鸟害的占比为 53.80%， 说明该区域鸟害具有普遍性。 鸟害对农作物造成的损失程度以严重损失为主， 占比为 30.89%。 虽然鸟害对经济效益造成如此损失， 但仅有 29.32%的群众采取措施进行鸟害防范。 |
| Other Abstract | In the past, the wintering habitats of the common cranes in China were mainlysouth of the Yangtze River and Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi. However, it has beendiscovered that there are overwintering common cranes in Southern Xinjiang in recentyears, which is a newly discovered wintering habitat. The surveys on the populationdistribution, group characteristics, migration patterns, active range, behavior rhythms,time budget, food and bird damage of the common cranes was carried out through thesample line method, sample point method, direct counting method, instantaneousscanning sampling methods, satellite tracking, focal animal sampling method andquestionnaire survey during October 2018 to April 2019 and October 2019 to January2020 in Southern Xinjiang. The purpose is to be able to reveal the population status,ecological habits, migration patterns and the degree of damage to the crops of thewintering common crane populations in Southern Xinjiang, and provide a reliabletheoretical basis for future in-depth research and protection management of thecommon cranes. Based on field survey data and mathematical statistics, the mainresults are as follows:The overwintering common crane populations are mainly distributed in threeregions of Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan in Southern Xinjiang, including Baicheng County,Bachu County, Pishan County, Minfeng County, Wensu County, Moyu County, WushiCounty, Kashi Plain for 8 counties. Among them, the maximum number ofdistributions in Baicheng County is 4718 ~ 4980, followed by Moyu County with1890 ~ 2000, and Bachu County with 1100 ~ 1400. According to the populationmonitoring in 5 consecutive wintering periods, it can be seen that the populationdevelopment trend is on the rise (R2=0.983, P<0.01). The group characteristics ofcommon cranes are mainly family groups (63.90%), followed by aggregation groups(28.62%), and the least solitary crane (7.48%). The family group is mainly composedof 2 adults and 1 child (46.82%), followed by 2 adults and 2 children (27.48%). Theaggregation group is dominated by 5 ~ 8 individuals (65.91%), followed by 9~15individuals（ 17.61%） .In the late winter, large groups of dozens to hundreds oftenhover in the air to prepare for spring migration.According to satellite tracking data， the autumn migration lasted 10 days, withstopping in two stopover sites, and the flight distance was about 430 km. The spring migration lasted 8 days, with stopping in two stopover sites, and the flight distancewas about 495 km. The whole overwintering period lasts about 140 ~ 160days, thecumulative distance is 1058 km in winter and the active area is relatively fixed, withan active area of 125 km2. The daily activity area and distance will change with thechange of temperature: As the temperature rises, the daily activity range and distancewill increase. On the contrary, it decreases (P<0.05， R2=0.652； P<0.05， R2=0.663).The behavior of overwintering common cranes was observed for 57 days with atotal observation time of 7570 min and 757 times of scanning. Feeding is the mostimportant behavior in the whole wintering period, accounting for 46.61% of the totalbehavior time. Followed by: alerting (17.76%), resting (13.31%), locomotion(11.42%), grooming (7.55%), other (3.35%). In the early winter, the behavioral timebudgets of common cranes are: feeding (44.99%), alerting (17.37%), resting (12.58%),locomotion (11.84%), grooming (8.72%), others (4.49%). There is a very significantdifference in time distribution of each behavior (F = 261.328, df = 5, P <0.001). In themiddle of winter, the proportions of time spent on each behavior are: feeding(39.71%), resting (21.04%), alerting (17.09%), locomotion (9.72%), grooming(9.68%), others (2.77%), there is a very significant difference in the time budget ofeach behavior (F = 70.327, df = 5, P <0.001). In the late winter, the behavioral timebudgets of common cranes are: feeding (50.20%), alerting (18.17%), locomotion(12.12%), resting (9.86%), grooming (6.29%), others (3.36%). There is a verysignificant differences in behavioral time budget (F =177.622, df = 5, P <0.001).Furthermore, the time budgets differences of each behavior in different periods arecompared. The time budgets of alerting and locomotion behaviors in different periodsare different, but not significant (P＞ 0.05). There are very significant differences ingrooming behavior in different life periods(P＜ 0.01). But resting, feeding, and otherbehaviors are significantly different in different life periods(P＜0.05).During the whole wintering period, there are two obvious peaks of feedingbehavior, which is double convex. The peaks appear at 08:00 ~ 09:00 and 17:00 ~18:00, accounting for 54.23% and 55.47% respectively, and the valley appears at13:00 ~ 14:00, accounting for 41.36%. The resting behavior presents an obviousunimodal peak, with the peak appearing at 13:00 ~14:00, accounting for 21.04%, andthe valleys appearing at 08:00 ~ 09:00 and 17:00 ~ 18:00, accounting for 3.33% and5.15% respectively. In different periods of wintering, the activity rhythm of each behavior is different, and there are differences in the distribution of the behavior timebetween the various time periods of the day.The common cranes mainly feed on corn, wheat, rice, potatoes and other crops,among which corn is its main food source. The changes of foraging habitat indifferent overwintering stages are mainly related to harvest time and food abundance.According to the questionnaire survey, the proportion of bird damage in this area is53.80%, indicating that bird damage in this area is universal. The losses caused bybird damage to crops are mainly serious losses, accounting for 30.89%. Although birddamage causes such losses to economic benefits, only 29.32 % of the people takemeasures to prevent bird damage. |
| Subject Area | 生态学 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15432 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 李军伟. 新疆南部灰鹤（Grus grus） 越冬调查研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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