KMS XINJIANG INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY，CAS
| 基于生态系统服务的中亚水土热资源匹配度时空变化特征分析 | |
| Alternative Title | Spatio-temporal characteristics of the matching degree of water,soil and heat resources based on ecosystem services in Central Asia |
| 闫雪 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 李兰海 |
| 2020-06-30 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 北京 |
| Degree Discipline | 理学硕士 |
| Keyword | 水土热资源匹配度 生态系统服务 PSO-SOFM 神经网络模型 匹配度分区 中亚地区 Matching Degree of Water, Soil and Heat Resources Ecosystem Services PSO-SOFM Neural Network Model Zoning of Matching Degree Central Asia |
| Abstract | 生态系统服务功能是生态系统与人类福祉之间重要的纽带， 它对于维持生命支撑系统的良好运转有着重要意义。从资源供给、物种多样性保护，到气候调节、灾害控制，生态系统服务在多个方面保证着地球生物圈的稳定可持续。 水资源、土地资源、热量资源是生态系统中重要的基础自然资源，与农业生产及粮食安全问题关系密切，同时也是自然生态系统可持续发展的重要支撑。近年来，随着自然资源短缺问题的加剧，这三个要素之间的内在联系开始逐渐凸显。水、土、热资源三者的匹配程度影响一个地区水、土、热资源综合利用效率，进而影响该地区的农牧业生产和生态环境可持续发展。 研究水土热资源匹配度可以为区域水土热资源高效利用与管理决策提供依据， 为区域水土热资源空间优化配置奠定基础。然而，现有的研究多针对单一资源，对其脆弱性、承载力或配置情况进行探讨，关于水资源、土地资源和热量资源匹配的研究较少。中亚五国位于内陆干旱区，属于丝绸之路经济带的核心区域，该地区生态系统脆弱且对环境变化响应敏感，随着区域人口增长和社会经济的发展，资源的供求矛盾不断加深。 研究该地区水土热资源匹配度的时空分布状况， 对于协调区域资源利用、维持丝绸之路经济带社会—经济—自然复合生态系统的稳定有重要意义。生态系统服务功能将生态系统与人类社会可持续发展紧密联系在一起，在水土热资源优化配置中考虑生态系统服务十分必要。因此，本研究针对生态环境脆弱的中亚五国地区，引入与人类福祉相关的生态系统服务的概念，利用基于遥感数据的植被净初级生产力（NPP）指标法，计算了 4 种生态系统服务（植被固碳、土壤保持、水源供给与涵养、生物多样性保护服务），分析其时空变化特征。并在此基础上， 利用生态系统服务构建中亚水土热资源匹配度指数，采用趋势分析和 Hurst 指数方法，分析了中亚水土热资源匹配度的时空变化特征，探讨其与气候因子及水分利用效率的相关性。此外， 应用粒子群优化法自组织特征映射（PSO-SOFM） 神经网络模型，并利用植被固碳、土壤保持、水源供给与涵养、生物多样性保护等四种生态系统服务作为水土热资源匹配度分区指标，完成了中亚地区水土热资源匹配度分区，以期为优化区域水土热资源开发利用模式提供决策参考，为生态环境保护提供合理依据。主要结论如下：1） 中亚地区植被固碳、土壤保持、水源供给与涵养、生物多样性保护这四种生态系统服务的空间分布具有一致性， 总体自东向西呈山地—绿洲—荒漠方向降低趋势。在 2000—2015 年期间，四种生态系统服务均有不同程度降低。2）中亚地区水土热资源匹配度总体偏低（9.3），且在不同生物群区具有明显的空间差异性，总体表现为高山森林区>高山草甸区>典型草原区>荒漠草原区>湖区>荒漠区。 2000—2015 年间，中亚地区各生物群区的水土热资源匹配度与区域总体水土热资源匹配度均表现为波动下降，但变幅小、持续性较差。3）气温和降水在空间分布上的巨大差异性及错位性是中亚水土热资源匹配度总体偏低的主要原因，降水对中亚水土热资源匹配度的影响强于气温，在相同温度区内匹配度随降水的增加而增加。此外，中亚水土热资源匹配度与水分利用效率之间也有较强的相关性，这可能与该地区植物生理活动、地表覆被特征等有关。4）利用 PSO 优化算法改进的 SOFM 神经网络模型可以良好地避免训练过程中死神经元的出现， 有效实现中亚地区水土热资源匹配度分区。 结合分类效果指数进行最优类别筛选后，最终可将中亚地区水土热资源匹配度划分为 5 大类21 个子区， 且五类分区之间生态系统服务表现出明显的空间分异特征，即森林—草原高匹配区>草原中高匹配区>草原—半荒漠中等匹配区>半荒漠中低匹配区>荒漠低匹配区。 |
| Other Abstract | Ecosystem service function is the important link between ecosystem and humanwell-being. It is of great significance for maintaining the operation of life supportsystems. Ecosystem services can ensure the stability and sustainability of the biospherein many aspects, including resource supply, species diversity protection, climateregulation, and disaster control, etc. Water resources, land resources and heat resourcesare the important basic natural resources, which are not only closely related toagricultural production and food security, but also the important supports for thesustainable development of ecosystem. In recent years, with the aggravation of theshortage of natural resources, the internal relationship between these three resourceshas gradually become prominent. The matching degree of water, soil and heat resourcesaffects the comprehensive utilization efficiency of water, soil and heat resources in aregion, which then affects the production of agriculture and animal husbandry and thesustainable development of ecological environment. The research on the matchingdegree of water, soil and heat resources can provide the basis for the efficient utilizationof regional resources and policy making. It can also provide basis for the spatialoptimization allocation of water, soil and heat resources from a regional perspective.However, current studies mainly focus on the vulnerability, carrying capacity orallocation of single resource. There are only a few researches focusing on the matchingdegree of water, soil and heat resources. The five Central Asian countries are located inthe inland arid area and are the core regions of Silk Road Economic Zone. Theecosystem in this region is fragile and sensitive to environmental changes. With thegrowth of population and the development of social economy, the contradictionbetween supply and demand of resources is deepening. It is of great significance tostudy the spatial and temporal distribution of the matching degree of water, soil andheat resources in Central Asia. This is meaningful for coordinating the regionalresources use and maintaining the stability of the social-economic-natural complexecosystem of the Silk Road Economic Zone.Ecosystem service function closely connects ecosystem with the sustainabledevelopment of human society. It is necessary to consider ecosystem service in theoptimal allocation of water, soil and heat resources. Therefore, in this study, fourecosystem services including vegetation carbon sequestration, soil conservation, watersupply and conservation and biodiversity conservation were calculated according to thevegetation net primary productivity (NPP) index method based on remote sensing datain Central Asia with fragile ecological environment, and the temporal and spatialcharacteristics of these four ecosystem services were analyzed. Then the matchingindex was constructed to reflect the matching degree of water, soil and heat resourcesby these four ecosystem services. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the matchingdegree in Central Asia were analyzed over 2000-2015, using trend analysis and theHurst exponent. The correlations between the matching degree and climatic factors, aswell as the matching degree and water use efficiency were also investigated. In addition,the Particle Swarm Optimization Self-Organizing Feature Map (PSO-SOFM) neuralnetwork model was applied to finish the zoning of the matching degree of water, soiland heat resources, where the four ecosystem services were as the model index. Theresults can provide decision reference for ecological environmental protection and theutilization mode optimizing of water, soil and heat resources in Central Asia. The mainconclusions were as follows:1) The spatial distributions of the four ecosystem services in Central Asia wereconsistent. In general, it showed a gradient change with a decreasing trend from east towest, namely, from mountain to oasis to desert. During the period of 2000-2015, thesefour ecosystem services decreased with different degrees.2) The results showed that the matching degree of water, soil, and heat resourceswas generally low in Central Asia with an average value of 9.3. There were obviousdifferences in the matching degree in different biomes and the overall performancefollowed the order of alpine forest region > alpine meadow region > typical stepperegion > desert steppe region > lake region > desert region. From 2000 to 2015, thematching degree of water, soil, and heat resources showed a fluctuating downward trendin Central Asia, with the trends in each biome remaining consistent. However, the matching degree changed slightly and its persistence was relatively poor in Central Asia.3) There was a large difference and misalignment of spatial distribution inaverage temperature and average annual precipitation, which was the main cause of thelow matching degree of water, soil, and heat resources in Central Asia. The effect ofprecipitation on the matching degree of water, soil, and heat resources in Central Asiawas stronger than that of the temperature, and the matching degree increased with theincrease of precipitation in the same temperature region. Moreover, there was a strongcorrelation between the matching degree and water use efficiency in Central Asia,which may be related to the physiological activities of plants and the surface covercharacteristics.4) The SOFM neural network model improved by PSO algorithm could avoid thedead neurons in the training process, and was used to realize the zoning of matchingdegree of water, soil and heat resources in Central Asia effectively. The matching degreeof water, soil and heat resources in Central Asia was divided into 5 categories and 21subregions according to the clustering quality index which can select the optimalnumber of categories. The result showed that there were obvious spatial differentiationcharacteristics of ecosystem services among the five different matching degree zones,namely, forest steppe with high matching degree zone > steppe with middle to highmatching degree zone > steppe semi-desert with middle matching degree zone > semidesert with middle to low matching degree zone > desert with low matching degreezone. |
| Subject Area | 生态学 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/15460 |
| Collection | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 研究系统 |
| Affiliation | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| First Author Affilication | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 闫雪. 基于生态系统服务的中亚水土热资源匹配度时空变化特征分析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2020. |
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